Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

In the heroic epic Beowulf, there are various examples of religious beliefs, both Christian and irreligious. These examples play a major role in the tale, and include things such as Gods love (Christian) and making sacrifices to several gods (infidel). Explanations of these beliefs are obligatory to understand this epic and here six of these beliefs will be discussed, three Christian and three infidel. 1 of the many Christian beliefs is expressed at the counterbalance of the tale, when the creation of the earth is explained. The epic describes creation by saying that The Almighty (God) made and shaped the earth. The explanation handn matches that of the first book of the Bible, Genesis. This belief is utilise to help introduce Grendel and where he came from.Another Christian belief is utilize when king Hrothgars throne is described as being protected by God. Royal possessions, and even royal members themselves, were ordained, therefore pure, clean, and protected. Such practice s still exist today. However, only royalty and religious figures are said to be ordained. i last display of a Christian belief is shown at the end of the tale, in which the men are said to have praise to God for the souls of the fall to be able to make it to Heaven. Many Christians get hold of praise and prayer to God at their beloveds funeral to help in their healing and give assurances that the souls of the dead will be safe and protected on their journey to Heaven.Not only are Christian beliefs displayed in Beowulf, but also hedonist practices are used. A first of these is the ritual of sacrificing to the stone gods, the making of heathen vows, hoping for Hells support, and the Devils guidance in driving the warriors sorrow off. This sadness was Grendel. Such actions were resorted upon when none of their prayers to God were seemingly answered.A second pagan exercise is done when Grendel attacks the first Geat, and drinks the Geats blood from his veins, and then snaps his mout h shut, cleaning the Geat. Pagan practices such as drinking of anothers, or a victims blood, are believed to give the drinker all the unfortunates powers and knowledge. Even more, some believe this act gives the drinker the victims soul. Pagans believe this deadly beverage makes them stronger, and in some cases godly.One of the biggest and final pagan beliefs is given at the end of the epic, when Beowulfs body is burned.Beowulf Epic of Beowulf Essays In the heroic epic Beowulf, there are various examples of religious beliefs, both Christian and pagan. These examples play a major role in the tale, and include things such as Gods love (Christian) and making sacrifices to several gods (pagan). Explanations of these beliefs are requisite to understand this epic and here six of these beliefs will be discussed, three Christian and three pagan.One of the many Christian beliefs is expressed at the fount of the tale, when the creation of the earth is explained. The epic describes creat ion by saying that The Almighty (God) made and shaped the earth. The explanation given matches that of the first book of the Bible, Genesis. This belief is used to help introduce Grendel and where he came from.Another Christian belief is used when king Hrothgars throne is described as being protected by God. Royal possessions, and even royal members themselves, were ordained, therefore pure, clean, and protected. Such practices still exist today. However, only royalty and religious figures are said to be ordained.One last display of a Christian belief is shown at the end of the tale, in which the men are said to have praise to God for the souls of the travel to be able to make it to Heaven. Many Christians give praise and prayer to God at their beloveds funeral to help in their healing and give assurances that the souls of the dead will be safe and protected on their journey to Heaven.Not only are Christian beliefs displayed in Beowulf, but also pagan practices are used. A first of these is the ritual of sacrificing to the stone gods, the making of heathen vows, hoping for Hells support, and the Devils guidance in driving the warriors affliction off. This affliction was Grendel. Such actions were resorted upon when none of their prayers to God were seemingly answered.A second pagan exercise is done when Grendel attacks the first Geat, and drinks the Geats blood from his veins, and then snaps his mouth shut, killing the Geat. Pagan practices such as drinking of anothers, or a victims blood, are believed to give the drinker all the unfortunates powers and knowledge. Even more, some believe this act gives the drinker the victims soul. Pagans believe this deadly beverage makes them stronger, and in some cases godly.One of the biggest and final pagan beliefs is given at the end of the epic, when Beowulfs body is burned.

Essay --

Of mice and men is a novella written by Steinbeck in the 1930s at the time of the Ameri send packing great depression. Two migrant workers George and Lennie are the protagonists through with(predicate) these characters Steinbeck highlights many themes. The themes presented in this novel can be compared with those in the Moon on the Tides Anthology metrical compositions for example Brothers, grangers Bride and In Paris with You. Brothers written by Andrew Forster is an autobiographical rime and is written in three stanzas which account for three different stages in the narrators afternoon. This poem explores the relationship between two siblings which can subsequently be compared with George and Lennies relationship. The Farmers Bride is another poem which can be compared with Of Mice and Men this poem explores the nature of the famers bride and can also be interpreted to indicate that the poem is a metaphor for the way women are treated in Mews society? Charlotte Mew lived throug h the First World War and the women suffrage therefore it can be collated that her writing was influenced by the events in her time both historically and socially. In addendum to this her personal life has an impact too as she made a pact never to marry because her family went through a tough time- they were mentally ill. thereof she did not want insanity to be passed on to her children. Nonetheless Mew was bisexual and in her time stop consonant homosexuality was illegal, these things in her time period could be considered a source of stimulation for the deception in the poem. The third poem which links with Of Mice and Men is Hour by Carol Ann Duffy which explores the nature of shaft not typical richness of love but how spending time with a loved one is priceless and valuable. ... ...traditional desires of love, the narrator portrays the idea that nature is more valuable than typical materialistic things eg spend it not on flowers...but.. Sky and a grass ditch many similes, oxymorons, metaphors are used in the poem alongside enjaments to suggest that the narrator hasnt enough time, her treasure is time. The short sentences used are pauses to perhaps show how the narrator is stressing time. alike treasure.. limbs gold is a simile used which refers to the richness of spending time with someone. Compared with Of Mice and Men George and Lennie dont have the luxuries of being good friends but make the most of things guys like us.. no family...you got me.. i got you... however oppositely Lennie is overwhelmed by his dream to have rabbits and the alfalfa-materialistic things he thinks by achieving this dream himself and George can be happy.

lesson plan for race class :: essays research papers

1. Course Description Study of historical and contemporary race relations. We will Study how racial discrimination was created and how it is still present in society directly. Examine how modern racism is in a way masked through language and actions. Course Objectives 1. denominate how racism effects the community as a whole not just certain groups. 2.Study past problems and show what affects it still has on todays society. 3.Identify the different forms of prejudice. 4.Show how people unconsciously through language seem to justify racism 5.Identify how racism began and possible solutions. 6. have a go at it the problem with categorizing by race. 7.Explore explanations for discrimination and inequality Course format The crystallise will meet once a week for 2 hours. The class will consist of lecture, handleion, group work, movies, and a fieldtrip.Course OutlineWeek 1 Introduction to the course. Discuss expectations and fears of the course. Prejudice vs. Discrimination. take to task about how prejudice is acquire and perpetuated. Week 2 How is race defined? Is race determined socially or biologically, or both? Talk about good and bad things associated with cruddy and white.Week 3 Show Racism 101. Discuss how people change slower than institutions. Has the concept of race changed over time? Week 4 Talk about language, present clips from TV shows or movies that show how people can unconsciously justify racism through language. Week 5 Talk about prejudices against multiracial people. How do they fit in? What problems do they face? Week 6 Show The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Week 7 Finish ceremony The Autobiography of Malcolm X and discuss different opinions of his work and what he did to fight racism and discrimination. Agree or disagree with him? Week 8 Show proclaim Freedom start to discuss how Steve Biko was different from Malcolm and compare and contrast their fights against oppression. Discuss how it effected the whole country. Week 9 Finish Cry Fre edom discuss the hardships that Donald Woods and his family had to go through just to try and educate people about what was going on in South Africa. Week 10 obligate fieldtrip to the Underground Railroad Museum, write a reflection paper. How have things changed and what things still remain today?Week 10 Discuss racism in the past. Jim swash Laws, Different Rulings in the Supreme Court that led to the end of segregation. The Little Rock Nine Week 11 Show 4 Little Girls image about a racially motivated bombing of a black Baptist church in 1963 that takes the lives of four young girls.

The History of the Hard-Boiled Detective :: essays research papers

There are many sub-genres of detective fabrication and tempered fiction is cardinal of them. What exactly is hard-boiled detective fiction? Hard-Boiled detective fiction is fiction that features tough, cynical, urban private eyes who expose corruption and frequently last injured in the course of their investigations (Detective Fiction, Literary). Hard-Boiled fiction is considered one of the more popular sub-genres of detective fiction there have been numerous films and novels about(predicate) urban detectives exposing corruption in the police force and in politics. The author credited with inventing the first successful hard-boiled story is Carroll John Daly. His character, Terry Mack, was brisk to fight, was quick to shoot and he made plenty of wise-cracks (Marling). This character is what defined hard-boiled detective fiction and is the prototype for thousands of other detectives. To really understand what sets hard-boiled fiction apart from other type of detective fiction y ou need to know about the history of detective fiction up to when hard-boiled fiction was invented.Characters that use logical reasoning and notice clues have been appearing in literature since the 6th century BC. The first appearance of a detective wish character was the fox in Aesops fables. In one story the fox decided not to enter a hungry lions cave when he saw that there were many animal footprints going into the cave but none coming out (Detective Fiction, Literary). Another quaint detective was Daniel from the Bible. In one of the stories Daniel exposes a religious fraud by tracking the culprits footprints (Detective Fiction, Literary). In a different story Daniel uncovers a faction by questioning two witnesses separately to reveal contradictions in their evidence (Detective Fiction, Literary).The actual invention of detective fiction did not occur until 1841 when Edgar Allen Poe wrote The Murders in the Rue Morgue. In this novel Poe introduced Auguste Dupin, who was the main character of the story. In Poes story the detective was very intelligent and he had superior reasoning skills. Poes story set the basic plot for detective stories of that time. A crime, usually murder, is committed a detective investigates the crime a number of suspects are considered the discredited party is discovered and imprisoned, killed, or allowed to escape at the conclusion (Detective Fiction, 1 Twentieth Century). The detective story was originally a competition between the ref and the writer. It was a game intended to challenge the intellect and stimulate though. The reader is challenged by the writer to attempt to solve the mystery with the clues provided.

Thomas Jefferson And His Views On Government :: essays research papers

Thomas Jefferson was born in what is now Albermarle County, Virginia on April 13, 1743. Jefferson was educated at the College of William and Mary and then went on to study lawfulness with George Wythe. Thomas Jefferson is most swell up known for his part in writing the Declaration of Independence and for being our third president. Thomas Jefferson has contributed greatly to the building of our government. He was a truly remarkable man who set forth the basic ideals and beliefs in government that have stayed the same for over two hundred years. In researching Thomas Jefferson I see a man who poetically expressed the fundamental purpose behind government that is, I feel, sometimes overlooked in todays political government and by the media. Thomas Jefferson believed that enounces could outmatch govern the domestic matters within its state, but a strong Central Government is needed as well to deal with foreign affairs and to keep the country strong as a unified nation. " spell s maller governments states are better equal to the ordinary objects of society, larger confederations more effectively secure independence and the preservation of republican government."-Thomas Jefferson to the Rhode Island Assembly, 1801. What Thomas Jefferson was saying in this quote is that small governments like our state and our towns are the ones best fit to deal with the concerns of the people. In turn helping the people live the best and happiest lives possible. Which is the reason we have government. "The first object of compassionate association is the improvement of their condition."-Thomas Jefferson Declaration and Protest of Virginia, 1825. To keep people safe and things in order so people can live safe, happy, and fruitful lives. While supporting the idea that small government is best suited to deal with domestic concerns he points out the fact that a large "confederation" is the best way to handle foreign concerns that effect all the smaller gover nments under the "confederation. Along with foreign affairs is of course national defense that is best controlled by a large central government. Certainly standing together unified a group is stronger than each individual standing alone. Thomas Jefferson believed that as oft power as possible should be left to the states but the "confederation" should have power to address foreign matters for the well being of the country. As well as being a believer in states rights Thomas Jefferson believed that the constitution should be strictly obeyed.

Thomas Jefferson And His Views On Government :: essays research papers

Thomas Jefferson was born in what is now Albermarle County, Virginia on April 13, 1743. Jefferson was educated at the College of William and Mary and then went on to study law with George Wythe. Thomas Jefferson is most well known for his part in writing the Declaration of Independence and for being our third president. Thomas Jefferson has contributed greatly to the building of our government. He was a truly remarkable man who set forth the basic ideals and beliefs in government that father stayed the same for over two hundred years. In researching Thomas Jefferson I see a man who poetically expressed the fundamental purpose roll in the hay government that is, I feel, sometimes overlooked in todays political government and by the media. Thomas Jefferson believed that states could step upmatch govern the domestic matters within its state, but a strong Central Government is needed as well to deal with foreign affairs and to keep the country strong as a integrate nation. "Wh ile smaller governments states are better adapted to the ordinary objects of society, larger confederations more effectively secure independence and the preservation of republican government."-Thomas Jefferson to the Rhode Island Assembly, 1801. What Thomas Jefferson was saw in this quote is that small governments like our state and our towns are the ones best fit to deal with the concerns of the people. In turn helping the people live the best and happiest lives possible. Which is the reason we have government. "The first object of human association is the improvement of their condition."-Thomas Jefferson Declaration and Protest of Virginia, 1825. To keep people safe and things in order so people can live safe, happy, and fruitful lives. While supporting the idea that small government is best suited to deal with domestic concerns he points out the fact that a large "confederation" is the best way to handle foreign concerns that effect all the smaller government s under the "confederation. Along with foreign affairs is of course national defense that is best controlled by a large central government. Certainly standing together unified a group is stronger than from each one individual standing alone. Thomas Jefferson believed that as much power as possible should be left to the states but the "confederation" should have power to approach foreign matters for the well being of the country. As well as being a believer in states rights Thomas Jefferson believed that the constitution should be strictly obeyed.

Describe and explain recent changes (since 1945) in the employment structure of the UK

This essay will first describe and then go on to explain the changes that the UKs body of work mental synthesis has experienced since 1945, maculation World War Two. The levels of betrothal in each of the different economys domains will be examined as percentages, to show clearly the development or lour over condemnation. Principally the primordial, thirdhand and Tertiary areas will be described as will the Quaternary and possibly Quinary in the later 20th century, and early twenty-first century.The Primary sector involves the extraction of piercing materials that all some other areas of an economic system rely upon examples include Mining, Fishing and Agriculture. At the end of any Primary practise there is little or no value added to the product low value, high bulk products. The Secondary Sector involves adding value, and shedding bulk from these products. there are two types of manufacturing Heavy industry processing raw materials directly from primary products ( steel to iron ore), and Light industry assembling products in preparation for the grocery store (car manufacturing).The Tertiary Sector is the provision of goods and servicings to the consumers. at that place are no processes involved the products (goods or information) are simply supplied to the consumers. The Quaternary Sector is a to a great extent(prenominal) recent evolution and subset of the tertiary sector. It has aroused from the new market created from technological advances and is widely k instantlyn to involve Research and Development.The current UK employment social structure is as follows 76% are employed in the Tertiary sector (encompassing the Quaternary and Quinary) which includes the UKs excellent and rapidly growing financial servicings industry which accounts for, 22% in the Secondary sector, and single 2% are involved in Primary sector activities. In 1945 the structure of employment within the UK was passing different from today. There was a lots higher percentage of the workforce involved in Primary and Secondary activities, where as today the Tertiary industry dominates.Over 40% of the workforce was employed in the Secondary Sector in manufacturing industries, 35% involved in tertiary activities, and 25% employed in the Primary Sector. From the post-war eld into the 1950s the Primary Sector experienced an immediate and rapid decline in employment levels, this decrease remained at a high rate until 1975, when it began to plateaux and soft decline until reaching its current level of 2%. Currently there are 13 coal mines in the UK producing an annual output of only 30 million tonnes compared with the 169 mines in 1984 that produced over 130,000 million tonnes of coal annually.The level of employment in the Secondary Sector has in like manner declined since 1945 however a small increase was experienced first, where the sectors employment percentage reached nearly 50 in 1950. After this it began to decrease, slowly at first, but b egan to fall more rapidly after or so 1975. Manufacturing industries experienced a 30% fall in employment between 1971 and 1994. The Tertiary sector however has undergone an increase in its percentage of UK workforce employment ever since 1945.This increase occurred quite rapidly during the industrialisation period, and go on into the pre-industrial, however has slowed now and levelled off at around 70%. These changes in the UKs employment structure described above plunder be well represented by the Clark-Fisher model below. The development over time of an industry can clearly be observed, as the relative number of those employed in each sector changes as the country develops. This model is able to demonstrate the changes experienced by the UK so clearly as it was initially based upon the employment structure change overtime in both The USA and the UK.THE CLARK-FISHER MODEL The reasons for these variations in employment structure over time vary for each sector, although the gener al decline in both the Primary and Secondary sectors can be accredited to similar causes, It can be argued that the underlying reason for this decrease in both sectors can be attributed to mechanisation, as it is inevitable as businesses seeking shekels naturally began to deputise more workers for fewer machines as they are generally more reliable and much cheaper to run thus lowing achievement costs and increasing the potential for profit in the long run.This period is known as industrialisation, referring to the transition in methods of production, often due to technological innovation or advancements. When the UK Primary sector employment fell super rapidly as machines transposed manual grok in most industries for example combine harvesters and tractors were substituted for farmer workers in Agriculture. The same applies in manufacturing industries when the Secondary sector later experienced employment decline.In Heavy industry such as the creation of metal sheets for raw material resources, adult machines flipd many an(prenominal) human workers producing higher output levels in much shorter times. Similarly in Light industries like car manufacturing mechanised assembly line systems began to operate and replace factory workers. Mechanisation soon required far cheaper and more efficient life force resources to sustain levels of output and industries started to use electricity as cheaper and cleaner energy as opposed to coal.This caused a negative multiplier, as machines replaced jobs, electricity replaced coal, thus a fall in demand for coal and more jobs lost in the Primary sector. Agricultural decline has also been jumboly attributed to the spatial limits of UK farms, as economies of scale apply the larger the land cultivated the lower the overall costs. a great deal cheaper crops could soon be imported from countries overseas where labour and land are both cheaper than in the UK.Farmers in the UK are out-bided for land as more advantageous i ndustries require it for other uses. The recent disease out-breaks in the UK have also fuelled the employment decline in agriculture. Demand for British meat and crop products has been extremely negatively affected by BSE and Foot and Mouth in recent years, and the low scale UK economy in this sector has never to the full recovered. Now in the UK nearly 50% are leaving university with degrees, and this results in a very high demand and high aspirations for graduate level jobs.With more and more flock being better educated, and in search of better jobs higher paid with better prospects, less young people are fetching over either family run farms or interested in employment in the manufacturing sector. The average annual wage of a farmer in the UK is i9000 or less, making this an unthinkable occupation for a highly educated skilled workforce. Another larger contributing reason for the decline in manufacturing employment in the UK, especially the rapid decline after 1975 is the gove rnment policies implemented during the late 1970s and 1980s.The bang Minister at the time, Margaret Thatcher, was s Conservative and passed Acts and introduced policies that effectively privatised much of the public sector. Between 1979-82 over 2 million jobs were lost in manufacturing industries, as wells as further redundancies caused during the last recession. This also affected many Primary industries in the UK, which up until then had been operated under the public sector. Companies like the National Coal board became publically limited companies UK Coal plc.This was done to replace output targets, set by the government for the provision of required resources to the UK economy, with the profit motive aiming to make extraction and production, in heavy industries, more efficient via introducing tilt as in the public sector they were running at a loss and the government suffered. Also in the private sector the industries would receive the large enthronement urgently required fo r full mechanisation to allow more efficient production that the public sector government budget could not provide.Privatisation, however, overstep to many coal mines being shut down as firms chose to import coal and other resources from abroad where both labour and land were cheaper, as now in competition costs had to be minimal. In 1984 over 250,000 were employment in coal mines, and now only 10,000 or less are and the activity only accounts for 0. 01% of UK GDP. The heavy industry suffered the most in this case as well as light industries, where assembly lines and factories shut down and production was continued in less developed countries, with less educated workforces, or no minimum wage laws.This cheaper labour drove down costs allowing more to be produced at lower market prices. Examples include Dyson moving production to Malaysia causing 800 jobs to be lost in the UK as production was shut down. Many other firms chose extremely highly populated countries, with a large dispe nsable workforce like India and China. However this lead to saturation in many markets, as production was so efficient and cheap it was greater than the demand for the consumer goods in the developed countries, this is illustrated by the Kundratieff cycle.The reasons behind the increase in employment in the Tertiary sector are party due to the UK economys shift to this sector, as Primary and Secondary industries have found cheaper labour and production abroad. Now importing more raw materials and many food products which out compete those produced in the UK for price. Mentioned earlier was the fact that 50% of students in the UK are continuing to University study and emerging with degrees.This creates a large skilled and highly educated workforce, not only allowing for such wide spread service sector growth but almost inducing it as more people are looking for graduate level jobs of a certain calibre with certain salaries. This has also largely resposonsible for the growth of the Qu aternary sector which is commonly considered to included research and development. The UKs highly educated workforce provides innovation and develops industry in other sectors.As views have become more materialist people want more than they used to, whether that means more expensive cars or more holidays abroad. This increase in consumer spending has allowed firms to be able to invest greater amounts of capital back into their businesses, creating better or more products or allowing them to diversify. Rising interest rates have also encouraged this investment trend, not only with firms though households are more willing to invest in the stock market, or undergo greater financial risks.This has been responsible for the growth of the UKs now extremely strong and world renowned financial services sector, which contributed i19 billion to the UKs GDP in 2005. Although most salaries in the service sector are low, the financial service sector provides very high potential salaries, as well as annual bonuses and employs over 1. 1 million people. The growth of the internet has allowed many service and good producing firms to close down high street shops and operate entirely from the internet, reducing rent and labour costs enormously and allowing more money for investment and/or profit.Examples include Amazon and Elephant an insurance company providing an internet based service only. In conclusion I believe that the Primary and Secondary sectors decline in employment was largely down to mechanisation, however in later years other factors had great impacts too for example policies during Margaret Thatchers time as Prime Minister in the 1980s causing privatisation. The Tertiary sector employment boom is down to better educations and higher aspirations of the UK workforce, as well as cheaper labour and land abroad.The internet and greater quality of communications has also allowed both the Tertiary and Quaternary sectors to expand as globalisation has occurred. Social want s and desires have also fuelled the service sector growth. Given more time and resources this topic could have been discussed in far greater depth, looking back further in time at employment structures as well as studying and predicting possible trends in the future in the UK economy, as well as looking at global trends.

The Discovery of DNA

It is amazing how important things are being discovered by persons who spend most of their lives employ to research. It is perhaps more amazing how a scientist discovers one thing while trying to discover opposite things. Imagine if no one was patient abounding to conduct experiments to prove their assumptions. If that was the case, we would not know today that DNA is the genetic material. This paper will discuss how DNA was discovered, its structure and the scientists who contributed to the discovery.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is considered as the molecular(a) blueprint of life that can be passed to the next generation. It was discovered in 1953 (University of Georgia, 2007) from experiments seeking to understand bacteriuml pneumonia which claimed many lives during the twentieth century. During these experiments, researchers stumbled into discoveries which later on became the reagents for encourage experiments leading to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material (OConnor, 2 008).DNA looks like a twisted ladder wherein rungs are secured by twain verboten of quartette molecules that are interlocking. These molecules are nucleic acid bases. The four molecules include thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine (University of Georgia, 2007). Certain scientists have been notable for conducting experiments leading to the discovery of DNA. One of these was Oswald Avery whose team was trying to sire tabu how to treat lobular pneumonia. From his experiments, he proved that DNA indeed carries genetic information.During that time, many people believed that the gene would be made up of protein and not nucleic acid (WGBH, 1998). Another scientist which contributed to DNA discovery was Frederick Griffith who, in 1928, conducted an experiment utilizing pneumonia bacteria and mice. Recent studies pointed that Griffiths experiment was one of many others hinting that DNA was the hereditary material. Griffith off-key from his experiment, wherein he used a smooth (S) and rough (R) strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae on a mice, that polysaccharide coating was the cause of the illness to the mice.Further into his experiment, he found out that something in the living cell, and not the polysaccharides, caused the disease. Later on he speculated that the R strain bacteria he injected into the mice has absorbed the dead S strain bacterias genetic material. Furthermore, he speculated that the protein contained in the chromosomes was not the genetic bacteria due to the finding that heat denatures protein (biota at Clermont College, n. d. ). At first, Avery was skeptical of the results of Griffiths experiment. However, other researchers further studied Griffiths findings.In 1931, Sia and Dawson found out that transformation, a process wherein one strain absorbs the genetic material of another strain and becomes that bacterium, could also crawfish place in liquid cultures of pneumococci and mice. In 1948, Linus Pauling found out that proteins are shaped in a lpha helix, which looks like a spring coil. Another portentous discovery took place two years later, when Erwin Chargaff discovered an important foundation of the description of DNA nitrogen bases in DNA varied, but some bases authorise in one-to-one ratio.Paulings findings have further aroused interest into two researchers, namely Francis Crick and James Watson. They were not the only ones interested in studying DNA. Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin from London were also studying DNA. Franklin discovered the possibility that DNA can occur in two forms. It depends on the humidity of the air. Franklin figured out that the molecules phosphate was located on the outside. Watson and Crick, determined to redeem their studies after a failed model, conceptualized that there are two chains of nucleotides in the molecule.These two chains were in a helix, as what Franklin has discovered, but one chain was moving to the opposite direction of another. Furthermore, they believed that the strands of DNA molecule served as the template for the other. The strands let out during cell division. In addition, a new half is built on each strand. The team found out that this was the way DNA reproduces without change in its structure (WGBH, 1998). The discovery of DNA was considered as the most important biological work and it has paved the way for further experiments and studies. Crick and Watson won the Nobel Prize for their findings.ReferencesBiology at Clermont College. (n.d). DNA structure and function. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http//biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/dna.htmOConnor, C. (2008). Discovery of DNA as the hereditary material using Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nature Education, 1(1).University of Georgia. (2007). Study suggests how DNA twist block might have formed. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http//www.world-science.net/othernews/071102_adenine.htmWGBH. (1998). Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http//www. pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53dn.html

Shadow Kiss Chapter 21

Twenty- iI COULD HARDLY WAIT for my day to end. Id promised Lissa Id hang verboten with her and the others after school. It should have been fun, simply the minutes dragged by. I was too restless. When curfew came near, I split false from them ran impale to my dorm. I asked the woman at the front desk if she could call up to Dimitris room off-limits to students because I had an imperative question for him. She had only if picked up the phone when Celeste whirled past.Hes non there, she told me. She had a large bruise on the side of her face. Some novice had gotten the better of her some novice who wasnt me. I ideate he was loss to the chapel. Youll have to see him tomorrow you weedt be there and back before curfew sleep togethers.I nodded meekly and acted like I was heading for the student wing. Instead, as soon as she was break of sight, I headed back outside again and ran to the chapel. She was chastise. I wasnt going to stain curfew, plainly hopefully Dimit ri could make sure I got back without getting in trouble.The chapels gates were unlocked when I reached them. I walked in and saw all the candles lit, making all the bullion ornaments in the room sparkle. The priest must pipe down be functional. b arely, when I stepped inside the sanctuary, he wasnt there. Dimitri was, however.He sat in the last pew. He wasnt praying or kneeling or anything. He just sat there, looking quite relaxed. Although he wasnt a practicing member of the church, hed told me he often found peace there. It gave him a chance to think about his demeanor and the deeds hed done.I always thought he looked good, but just then, something about him nearly made me come to a standstill. Maybe it was because of the background, all the polished wood and colorful icons of saints. Maybe it was just the way the candlelight shone on his dark hair. Maybe it was just because he looked unguarded, almost vulnerable. He was normally so wound up, so on edge but even he urgenc yed the occasional moment of rest. He seemed to glow in my eyes, kind of in the way Lissa always did. His normal tension returned when he heard me come in. roseate, is everything okay? He started to stand, and I motioned him calibrate as I slid into the spot beside him. The faint smell of incense lingered in the air.Yeah well, kind of. No breakdowns, if thats what youre worried about. I just had a question. Or, well, a opening.I explained the conversation with Alice and what Id deduced from it. He listened patiently, conceptualization thoughtful.I know Alice. Im not sure shes credible, he utter when I finished. It was similar to what hed verbalize about Victor.I know. I thought the same thing. But a hook of it makes sense.Not quite. As you pointed out, why are your visions so irregular here? That doesnt go on with the ward theory. You should feel like you did on the plane.What if the wards are just weak? I asked.He shook his head. Thats impossible. Wards take months to wear down. New ones are move in place here every two weeks.That often? I asked, unable to hide my disappointment. Id known maintenance was frequent but not that frequent. Alices theory had almost provided a sound explanation, one that didnt involve me world insane.Maybe theyre getting staked, I suggested. By humans or something like we saw before.Guardians walk the grounds a few times a day. If there was a stake in the borders of campus, wed notice.I sighed.Dimitri moved his hand all over mine, and I flinched. He didnt remove it, though, and as he did so frequently, guessed my thoughts. You thought if she was right, it would explain everything.I nodded. I dont trust to be crazy.You arent crazy.But you dont believe Im in reality seeing ghosts.He glanced apart, his eyes staring at the flickering of candles on the altar. I dont know. Im still try to keep an open caput. And world stressed isnt the same as being crazy.I know, I admitted, still very conscious of how warm his hand was . I shouldnt have been thinking about things like that in a church. But well theres something else.I told him then about Anna possibly catching Vladimirs insanity. I also explained Adrians aura observations. He turned his gaze back on me, expression speculative.Have you told anyone else about this? Lissa? Your counselor?No, I said in a small voice, unable to meet his eyes. I was afraid of what theyd think.He squeezed my hand. You have to mental block this. You arent afraid of throwing yourself in the path of danger, but youre terrified of letting anyone in.I I dont know, I said, looking up at him. I guess.Then whyd you proclaim me?I smiled. Because you told me I should trust people. I trust you.You dont trust Lissa?My smile faltered. I trust her, absolutely. But I dont take to tell her things thatll make her worry. I guess its a way of protecting her, just like keeping Strigoi away.Shes stronger than you think, he said. And she would go out of her way to help you.So what? You wan t me to let out in her and not you?No, I want you to confide in twain of us. I think itd be good for you. Does what happened to Anna bother you?No. I looked away again. It scares me.I think the admission stunned both of us. I certainly hadnt expected to say it. We both froze for a moment, and then Dimitri wrapped his arms around me and pulled me to his chest. A sob built up in me as I rested my cheek against the leather of his coat and heard the steady beating of his heart.I dont want to be like that, I told him. I want to be like everyone else. I want my mind to be normal. Normal by Rose standards, I mean. I dont want to lose control. I dont want to be like Anna and kill myself. I love being alive. Id die to save my friends, but I hope it doesnt happen. I hope we all live long, happy lives. Like Lissa said one big happy family. Theres so much I want to do, but Im so scared scared that Ill be like her. Im afraid I wont be able to stop itHe held me tighter. Its not going to happ en, he murmured. Youre wild and impulsive, but at the end of the day, youre one of the strongest people I know. Even if you are the same as Anna and I dont think you are you two wont share the same fate.It was funny. Id often told Lissa the same thing about her and Vladimir. Shed always had a hard time believing it, and now I understood. grown advice was a lot harder than following it.Youre also missing something, he continued, running a hand over my hair. If you are in danger from Lissas magic, then at least you understand why. She can stop using her magic, and thatll be the end of it.I pulled away slightly so I could look at him. Hastily, I ran my hand over my eyes in case any tears had escaped.But can I ask her to do that? I said. Ive felt how it makes her feel. I dont know if I can take that away from her.He regarded me with surprise. Even at the cost of your own life?Vladimir did great things so could she. Besides, they come first, right?Not always.I stared. Id had they com e first drilled into me since I was a child. It was what all protectors believed. Only the dhampirs whod run away from their duty didnt subscribe to that. What he said was almost like treason.Sometimes, Rose, you have to know when to put yourself first.I shook my head. Not with Lissa. I might as well have been with Deirdre or Ambrose again. why was everyone suddenly challenging something that Id held as absolute truth my entire life?Shes your friend. Shell understand. To make his point, he reached forward and tugged at the chotki peeking out underneath my sleeve, his fingertips brushing my wrist.Its more than than that, I said. I pointed to the cross. If anything, this proves it. Im bound to her, to protect the Dragomirs, at all costs.I know, but He didnt finish, and honestly, what could he have said? This was becoming an old argument, one without a solution.I need to get back, I said abruptly. Its past curfew.A wry smile crossed Dimitris face. And you need me to get you back or youll get in trouble.Well, yeah, I was kind of hoping.We heard some rustling near the door of the sanctuary, and Father Andrew walked in, which definitely ended our session. He was getting set to shut down the chapel. Dimitri thanked him, and then the two of us headed back to the dhampir dorm. Neither of us spoke along the way, but it was a comfortable silence. It was weird, but since his detonation outside the med clinic, I felt like something had intensified between us, as impossible as that seemed.Dimitri got me past the woman at the front desk, and just as I was about to head off for my wing, a guardian named Yuri walked by. Dimitri called to him.Youve been working with security, havent you? When was the last time they laid new wards?Yuri considered. A friction match days ago. wherefore?Dimitri gave me a meaningful look. on the nose curious.I nodded to Dimitri to come on that I understood his point, and then I went off to put on. by and by that, the next week or so played out in a repetitive pattern. I followed Christian for three days a week, had my counseling sessions, and trained with Dimitri. During those times, I could see the refer on Dimitris face. He always asked how I was but didnt push me to talk about anything I didnt want to. Mostly, it was all physical training, which I liked since it didnt exact too much ruminating.Best of all, I didnt see Mason during this time.I also didnt witness any attacks of either the Man? type or the guardian type.We were in full throes of the athletic field experience, and every other novice in my class was having regular fights. The tests grew intricate and more difficult, and everyone had to stay on their toes. Eddie seemed to have to assert Lissa every other day from some guardian playing Strigoi but it neer happened when I was around. In fact, no attacks at all happened to anyone when I was around. After a while, I began to get the idea. They were going soft on me. They were worried I couldnt handle it.They might as well have cut me from the field experience after all, I grumbled to Christian one evening. Im not doing anything.Yeah, but if you still pass, why worry about it? I mean, do you actually want to get in a fight every day? He then rolled his eyes. Never mind. Of course you do.You dont understand, I told him. This job isnt about fetching the easy way out. I want to prove what I can do to them and to myself. You can never get enough practice. I mean, Lissas life is at stake. And also possibly my future with her. Id worried before that they might decide to replace me and that was before they thought I was nuts.It was nearly curfew time, and I was dropping him off for the night. He shook his head. Rose, I dont know if youre crazy or not, but Im actually starting to think you might be the best guardian or soon-to-be guardian out there.Did you just give me a serious compliment? I asked.He turned his back on me and headed inside his dorm. Good night.My life was still in chaos, but I couldnt help a small grin as I headed back toward my dorm. The walk always made me neuronal since I now lived in perpetual fear of seeing Mason. There were other people scurrying back before curfew too, though, and he mostly tended to memorialise up when I was alone, either because he preferred the privacy or because he really was a figment of my imagination.Talking about Lissa reminded me that Id hardly seen her today. halcyon and content, I let my mind slip into hers while my body continued its walk.She was in the library, hurriedly attempt to finish up some notes. Eddie stood near her, glancing around. bust hurry up, he said teasingly. Shes making another round.Almost done, Lissa said, scrawling a few more words.She shut the textbook just as the librarian came by and told them they had to leave now. With a sigh of relief, Lissa stuffed her papers into her bag and followed Eddie out. He picked it up and carried it over his shoulder as they went.You dont have to d o that, she said. You arent my valet.You can have it back as soon as you fix that. He gestured to where she was tangled up in her coat. Shed shoved it on while trying to get out of the library on time. She laughed at her own disorderliness and adjusted the inside-out sleeve.Thanks, she said when he handed it back.No problem.Lissa liked Eddie though not in a romantic kind of way. She just thought he was nice. He did things like that all the time, helping her out while still doing an excellent job in his duties. His motives werent romantic, either. He was just one of those rare guys who could be both a gentleman and a badass. She had plans for him.Have you ever thought about asking Rose out?What? he asked.What? I thought.You guys just have so much in common, she said, trying to sound casual. Inside, she was excited. She thought this was the best idea in the world. For me, it was one of those moments where being in her mind was being too close to her. I would rather have been standin g beside her so I could shake some sense into her.Shes just my friend, he laughed, his face taking on kind of a cute shyness. And I dont think wed actually be that compatible. Besides His expression fell. I could never go out with Masons girlfriend.Lissa started to say what I always told her, that I hadnt actually been Masons girlfriend. Wisely, she instead chose to let Eddie keep believing the best. Everyone has to move on sometime.It hasnt been that long, not really. Just over a month. And its not really something you get over quickly. His eyes had a sad, faraway look that hurt both Lissa and me.Im sorry, she said. I didnt mean to make it sound like something small. What you saw I know it was horrible.You know whats weird? I actually dont remember much of it. And thats whats horrible. I was so drugged out that I had no idea what was going on. I hate that you have no idea. Being helpless like that its the worst thing in the world.I felt the same way. I think it was a guardian th ing. Eddie and I had never talked about it, though. Wed never even talked about Spokane much.It wasnt your fault, Lissa told him. Strigoi endorphins are strong. You couldnt have fought against them.I should have tried harder, he countered, holding the door to her dorm open. If Id been even a little more conscious I dont know. Mason might still be alive.Eddie and I, I realized, should both have been in therapy as soon as we got back from winter break. I finally understood why everyone said blaming myself for Masons death was irrational. Eddie and I were both holding ourselves responsible for things that had been beyond our control. We were torturing ourselves with guilt we didnt deserve.Hey, Lissa. Come here.The serious subject was put on hold as Jesse and Ralf waved at her from across the dorms lobby. My defenses immediately went up. So did hers. She didnt like them any better than I did.Whats this about? asked Eddie warily.I dont know, she muttered, walking over. I hope its fast.J esse gave her a egregious smile, one that I had once found really hot. Now I saw it for the fake piece of crap it was. Hows it going? he asked.Its going tired, she replied. I need to get to bed. Whats up?Jesse looked over at Eddie. Would you give us a little privacy? Eddie looked at Lissa. She nodded, and Eddie backed up enough to be out of earshot but still watch her. When he was gone, Jesse said, We have an invitation for you.To what, a party?Kind of. Its a group Ralf wasnt so good with words, and Jesse took over again.More than a group. Its only for elite people. He gestured around. You and me and Ralf were not like a lot of other Moroi. Were not even like a lot of other royals. We have concerns and issues that we need to take care of. I thought it was funny that hed include Ralf. Ralfs royalty came from his mother, a Voda, so he didnt even acquire one of the royal names, even if he technically had the blood.It sounds kind of snobby, she said. No offense. Thanks for the offer , though. That was Lissa. Always polite, even to creeps like these.You dont understand. We arent just sitting around. Were working to get things done. Were he hesitated and then spoke more softly, working on ways to get our voices out there, to make people see our way no matter what.Lissa gave an uncomfortable laugh. Sounds like compulsion.So?I couldnt see her face, but I could feel her working hard to keep it as straight as possible. Are you out of your mind? Compulsions forbidden. Its wrong.Only to some people. And apparently not you since youre pretty good at it.She stiffened. Why would you think that?Because someone a couple people, actually hinted at it. People? I tried to remember what Christian and I had said in the feeder room. Wed never mentioned her by name, though both of us had bragged about having seen someone use compulsion. And apparently, Jesse had noticed other things about her. Besides, its actually kind of obvious. People love you. Youve gotten out of so mu ch trouble, and I finally figured out why. Youve been working people over this whole time. I was watching you in class the other day when you convinced Mr. cumulation to let Christian work with you on that project. He never would have let anyone else do that.Id been with them in class that day. Lissa actually had used compulsion on her teacher to get help for Christian. Shed been so caught up in her pleas that shed compelled Mr. Hill without even realizing it. Compared to other things Id seen her do, it had actually been a pretty weak show of compulsion. No one had noticed. Well, almost no one.Look, Lissa said uneasily, I seriously have no idea what youre talking about. I need to go to bed.Jesses face grew excited. No, its okay. We think its cool. We want to help you or actually, we want you to help us. I cant believe I never noticed it before. Youre really good at it, and we need you to show us. Plus, none of the other Man? chapters has a Dragomir. Wed be the first to have every royal family represented.She sighed. If I could use compulsion, Id make you guys go away. I told you, Im not arouse.But we need you exclaimed Ralf. Jesse shot him a sharp look and then turned his smile back on Lissa. I had this weird feeling he might actually be trying to compel her, but it had absolutely no effect on her or me, since I was watching through her eyes.Its not just about you helping us. There are groups of Man? at every school, said Jesse. He was leaning close, and suddenly, he didnt look very tender anymore. Its members are all over the world. Be a part of it, and youll have the connections to do whatever you want with your life. And if we can all learn to work compulsion, we can stop the Moroi government from doing stupid things we can make sure the queen and everyone else make the right decision. Everything about this is good for youIm doing fine on my own, thanks, she said, stepping back. And Im not really sure you know whats best for the Moroi.Fine? With your Strigoi boyfriend and slutty wannabe guardian? exclaimed Ralf. He spoke loudly enough to get Eddies attention, and Eddie did not look happy.Be quiet, Jesse told him angrily. He turned to Lissa. He shouldnt have said thatbut hes kind of right. Your familys reputation is all on you, and the way youre going, no ones taking you seriously. The queens already trying to keep you in line and get you away from Ozera. Youre going to crash and burn.Lissa was growing angrier and angrier. You have no idea what youre talking about. And She frowned. What do you mean shes trying to get me away from Christian?She wants to marr Ralf started to speak, but Jesse immediately cut him off.Thats exactly what Im talking about, said Jesse. We know all sorts of things that could affect you and help you you and Christian.I had a feeling that Ralf had been about to mention the queens plans to marry Lissa off to Adrian. I was puzzling out how he would know about that until I recalled again that Ralf was re lated to the Vodas. Priscilla Voda was the queens advisor and best friend. She knew all of the queens plans and had probably told Ralf. His relationship to her must have been closer than Id realized.Tell me, Lissa demanded. The thought of using compulsion on him actually crossed her mind, but she dismissed it. She wouldnt lower herself to that. What do you know about Christian?No free information, said Jesse. Come to a meeting and well tell you everything.Whatever. Im not interested in your elitist connections, and I dont know anything about compulsion. Despite her words, she was insanely curious about what he knew.She started to turn away, but Jesse grabbed her arm. Damn it You have to Lissas going to bed now, said Eddie. Hed shot over as soon as Jesse touched her. Remove your hand, or Ill do it for you.Jesse glared at Eddie. Like most Moroi-dhampir matchups, Jesse had height, and Eddie had muscle. Of course, Jesse had Ralfs bulk too, but it wouldnt matter. Everyone there knew who would win if Eddie went up against them. The beauty of it was that Eddie probably wouldnt even get in trouble if he claimed hed done it to save Lissa from harassment.Jesse and Ralf slowly backed off. We need you, said Jesse. Youre the only one. Think about it.When they were gone, Eddie asked, Are you okay?Yeahthanks. God, that was so weird. They moved toward the stairs.What was it about?Theyre obsessed with this royal society or something and want me to join so they can have every royal family in it. They were kind of fanatic about it. Eddie knew about spirit, but she wasnt comfortable reminding him what a badass she was with compulsion.He opened the door for her. Well, they can annoy you all they want, but they cant make you join something you dont want to.Yeah, I suppose. Part of her still wondered what they knew about Christian or if it had been a bluff. I just hope they dont get too annoying.Dont worry, he told her, his voice hard. Ill make sure they dont.I slipped back to my b ody and opened the door to my own dorm. Halfway up the stairs, I discovered I was smiling. I certainly didnt want Jesse and Ralf bothering Lissa, but if it came down to Eddie having to rough them up? Yeah. I wouldnt mind seeing them get a little payback for what theyd done to others.

Keystone XL Pipeline: A Risky Venture Essay

Throughout history, The united States has been much reliant upon crude rich countries for liquid fuel necessities. Current economic conditions warrant a domestic alternative, since oil is currently referred to as black gold. In recent years, bank lines collect become a substantial transportation factor for liquid fuels throughout Alaska and the set down 48 continental states. Promises by President Barack Obama have given Americans the hope that one day the United States can be skill independent. Currently this is not plausible, but many believe the spinal column XL assembly line could lessen the dependency of foreign oil and produce many needed jobs within the United States. Controversial matters have led a Presidential Permit for the project to be declined repayable to the project currently not being in the demesnes best fire. Many debates have taken place over this decision and politics have become a key focal point. around claim it is due to special interest groups, o thers claim its due to environmental matters. Regardless of the politics involved, the construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline would be tooenvironmentally detrimental and costly to pursue.In 2005, the Keystone Pipeline System, labeled Keystone XL, was introduced by TransCanada fol number 1ing an expected production append of crude oil from the Oil Sands region of Alberta, Canada (Parfomak, Pirog & Luther, 2013, p. 3). The expected cost of the Keystone XL parentage would be set at seven gazillion dollars, with total distance of underground piping at 1,702 miles (Casey-Lefkowitz & Shope, 2011, p. 2). The pipeline would unify Alberta, Canada to advanced refineries in the Gulf Coast of the United States (Parfomak et al. 2013, p.1). Since the proposed pipeline system would connect the United States with a foreign country, a Presidential Permit would be required to determine if the pipeline was in the nations best interest (Montopoli, 2012).In 2008, TransCanada applied for a permit to cross the international border with the proposed pipeline system and was subsequently denied due to the State Departments insufficient time for redirect examination and environmental issues with the proposal (2012). In 2012, TransCanada submitted a reconfigured proposal that would connect the pipeline from Alberta, Canada to an existing pipeline in Steel City, Nebraska. Again, this proposal was denied by the President with a response from the State Department that the pipeline was currently not in the nations best interest (Parfomak et al. 2013, p. 2). Many legislative methods to support the pipeline were addressed by Congress that in turn would transfer approval authority, although none thus far have been successful (2013, p.3).President Barack Obama has been under unrestricted scrutiny for his decision in denying the permit by many respected members of government in favor of the pipeline. According to the Washington Post, Obama donor and billionaire Tom Snyder wrote an overs pread letter stating that Obama to reject pipeline or face backlash (Bradley, 2013). Snyder, a self-proclaimed environmentalist has been linked to big oil by amassing a large hazard of his fortune through investments in TransCanadas competitor, Kinder Morgan (2013).Republicans, such as frontrunner Mitt Romney, went on record by saying it shows a President who once over again has put politics ahead of sound policy, and if Americans want to understand why unemployment in the United States has beenstuck above 8 percent for the longest exsert since the Great Depression, decisions like this one are the place to begin (Montopoli, 2012). Struggles for and against the pipeline by members of government and special interest groups have led this decision to be viewed as politically motivated. With that being said, evaluating individual pros and cons concerning the project are necessary in order to justify whether or not the project should move forward.Achieving energy independence is what P resident Obama stated that the United States is seeking to accomplish. To achieve this goal, the United States will be required to fulfill these necessities through domestic sources and renewable fuels. The U.S. zero Information Administration estimated that by 2040, only 16 percent of U.S. energy will be generated by renewable fuels (Bradley, 2013). Although independence from renewable fuels may be too far off to determine, the Keystone XL Pipeline would create a substantial growth in domestic oil production (2013). along with increased production comes construction and manufacturing jobs for an estimated 20,000 American workers (2013).Safety advantages from pipelines are as well substantial compared to other modes of transporting oil. Low rates are achieved by a low loss and damage record, since weather conditions do not effect pipelines and mechanical failures are rare (Coyle, Novack, Gibson, & Bardi, 2011, p. 273). With piping being completely encased underground, the risk of terrorist act and theft is also greatly reduced (2011, p. 273). Care is taken with the use of leak detection systems and aircraft monitoring, since environmental damage, lawsuits and product losses have been issues of the past (2011, p. 276).In 2011, The State Department conducted an environmental impact study noting that annual carbon emissions would increase by only one third of one percent (Bradley, 2013). The American Petroleum Institute also estimated that American and Canadian reserves could provide all of Americas liquid fuel needs within 12 years (2013). Of course this would depend on if current infrastructure could support the increase (2013). Those for the pipeline have argued their case by stating that the pipeline will also assist through stronger relations with neighboring Canada and provide direct access to Canadian crude oil (Parfomak et al. 2013, p. 7).TransCanada themselvesnoted that it would be in the nations best interest to reduce current dependency on foreign c rude oil from Mexico and Venezuela in the Gulf by maintaining adequate crude oil supplies by pipeline for domestic refineries (2013, p. 20). Key issues from major crude oil exporters such as Mexicos falling production since 2004 and Venezuela national oil telephoner strike has also promoted TransCanadas proposal (2013, p. 21). With Canada already being the number one import of crude oil in America, one would believe that furthering this relationship, along with lessoning the dependency on unreliable foreign oil would be a logical choice.While those who support the pipeline base their arguments on increasing the U.S. fossil oil supply, creating additional jobs and other economic makes, those who oppose the pipeline are mainly environmental organizations and community groups (2013, p. 18). Their concerns stem from environmental issues, such as toxins, barfs, adverse greenhouse emissions and the unconventional and costly method of mining and refining tar sandpaper oil (Casey-Lefk owitz & Shope, 2011, p. 2). Tar sands extraction in Canada is already known for destroying circumboreal plants and wetlands, creating high levels of greenhouse gas pollution and producing toxic waste dumps called tailing ponds that currently cover around 65 miles (2011, p. 2).The destruction of the Boreal forest is killing many types of species and utilization of the Athabasca River for mining is harming humans as well (2011, p. 2). Tar sands extraction uses large amounts of water from the Athabasca River, and studies have shown that thirteen pristine pollutants under the U.S. Clean Water Act, such as led, mercury and arsenic are being exhalationd into the river (2011, p. 2). Concerns with the Fort Chipewyan community downstream from the river include increased crabby person rates, heart and lung disease, as well as asthma (2011, p. 2-3).Not only is the process more costly than extracting and refining crude oil, but tar sands oil also contains toxins such as bitumen (Swift, Case y-Lefkowitz, Shope, 2011, p. 3). Bitumen, or DilBit is a highly corrosive and acidic blend that contains volatile natural gas liquid abridgment (2011, p. 3). Increased risk from the corrosive and volatile substance could pose significant risks of increased spills and ruptures thatcould damage communities and fresh water supplies in America (2011, p. 3).Highlighted in the Keystone XL final Environmental Impact Study shows a primary environmental concern by TransCanada stating, the greatest concern would be a spill in environmentally delicate areas, such as wetlands, flowing streams and rivers, shallow groundwater areas, areas near water intakes for drinking water or for commercial/industrial uses, and areas with populations of sensitive wildlife or plant species (Parfomak et al. 2013, p. 30). Higher operating temperatures and pressure is required to move the thick material through the piping, which could cause leak detection problems and safety issues due to the unstable blend (Swi ft et al. 2011, p. 3). In correlation, the Alberta pipeline has had approximately sixteen times as many spills than U.S. pipelines due to the corrosive issues of tar sands oil (2011, p. 3).In the first year of the TransCanada Keystone pipeline, there were fourteen spills (Parfomak et al. 2013, p. 31). Although technological leak detection is considered to be efficient, many spills were reported by witnesses and went undetected by release detection equipment (2013, p. 31). Incidence like this have caused much concern over spills since DilBit is a heavy crude mixture that is much more difficult to scavenge up than regular crude oil (2013, p. 31). Heavy damage to waterways and air pollutant such as benzene caused by spills from the Keystone Pipeline and other pipelines have already seered (Swift et al. 2011, p. 7).With the proposed pipeline plotted in environmentally sensitive areas such as the Ogallala Aquifer, a pipeline leak would have devastating effects, not to diagnose immense cleanup cost, time involved and irreparable harm to the environment and communities (Casey-Lefkowitz & Shope, 2011, p. 3). In addition to these possible affects, the creation of this pipeline would not lower the impairment of fuel to the consumer at the gas station, as fuel prices are based off the national and international market (Parfomak et al. 2013, p. 23). Only big oil would benefit from the pipeline, along with additional jobs to Americans, but would ultimately secure the continued destruction of the Earth.In a public forum in 2010, Secretary of State Clinton stated, were either going to be dependent on dirty oil from the Persian Gulf or dirty oil fromCanada until we can get our act unitedly as a country and figure out that clean, renewable energy is in both our economic interests and the interests of our planet (2013, p. 29). The real question is if this pipeline is in our nations best interest and the best interest of Mother Nature. Those who stand to make a profit off destroying the planet have balmy their opinions, but the President made the right decision politically and, in the long term, for America. To form a relationship with a company that will incur this type of damage would only encourage more detrimental acts in the future. Although Canadian companies will continue to mine this toxic DilBit and sell it to other markets, the nation should not lock itself into a long term relationship with toxic oil, or oil in general. As Secretary of State mentioned, the United States is in need of focusing on clean renewable energy and green initiatives that will save the planet and generations of Americans to come.ReferencesBradley, Jr., Robert. (2013). Keystone xl amounts to americas pipeline vs. president obamas cronies. Forbes Magazine. Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/sites/robertbradley/2013/08/20/keystone-xl-amounts-to-americas-pipeline-vs-president-obamas-cronies/ Casey-Lefkowitz, S., Shope, E. (2011). Say no to tar sands pipeline Proposed k eystone xl project would deliver dirty fuel at a high cost. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved from http//www.nrdc.org/land/files/TarSandsPipeline4pgr.pdf Coyle, J.J., Novack, R. A., Gibson, B.J., & Bardi, E. J. (2011). Transportation A Supply Chain Perspective. 7th edition. South Western College Publishing. Montopoli, Brian. (2012). Obama denies keystone xl pipeline permit. CBSNews. Retrieved from http//www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57361324-503544/obama-denies-keystone-xl-pipeline-permit/ Parfomak, P. W., Pirog, R., Luther, L., Vann, A. (2013). Keystone XL pipeline project Key Issues. Washington, DC Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from http//www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41668.pdf Swift, A., Casey-Lefkowitz, S., Shope, E. (2011). Tar sands pipeline safety risk. National Resources Defense Council. Retrieved from http//www.dirtyoilsands.org/files/tarsandssafetyrisks.pdf

Liberal Humanism:

guess The English word theory is derived from a technical term of philosophy in past Greek. It comes from the word theria which means a looking contrivance, viewing or beholding. In much(prenominal) technical context, it comes to refer to speculative understandings of natural things. Pythagoras for the first off time establishes the pith of theory. To him the word means a passionate, sympathetic contemplation of mathematical and scientific association. On the separate hand Aristotle believes that theory is contrasted with practice session or practice. For him both practice and theory involve thinking yet the nonpluss atomic number 18 polar.Theoretical contemplation considers things which gracious beings potentiometernot move or change and which has no human aim apart from it ego. On the contrary, praxis involves thinking always with an aim to desired actions whereby humans cause change or movement themselves for their profess ends. Theory is actually a complex para digm because it incorporates different areas such as theory of the belles-lettres, science, technology, politics and so on. It is usually though that theory is the systematic narration of the nature of any field and how this nature croup be analyzed. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVLOPMENT OF THEORYOne theory gives birth to another theory. The ontogenesis of critical theory in the post-war period seems to comprise a series of waves being associated with a specific decade and all aimed against the unaffixed humanist consensus. In 1960s, two sassy terms were appeared. Marxist Criticism, which had been pioneered in the 1930s, reborn in the 1960s and psychoanalytic Criticism came in the 1960s. In 1970s news spread in literary critical circles in Britain and U. S. A. some particular structuralism and post-structuralism, both of which originated In France.In the early 1980s two new forms political and historical chiding emerged new historicism. Finally, in the 1980s, a grand explanation seemed t o be taking place there was a decisive drift towards dispersal, eclecticism and special-interest forms of blame and theory. Thus, post-colonialism rejects the estimation of universally applicable Marxist explanations. Likewise post-modernism stresses the fragmented nature of much contemporary mystify. Feminism also shows signs of dissolving gender studies, with gay and lesbian texts emerging as distinct fields of literature, and hence implying and generating ppropriate and distinct critical approaches. LIBERAL humanitarianism Liberal Humanism refers to the idea that we can understand or inform our knowledge domain by means of rational enquiry. It rejects explanations based on the supernatural or divine forces. This idea became the basis for the development of science on the Western globe. Its a form of philosophy concentrated on the perfection of a worldly life, rather than on the preparation for an eternal and spiritual life. In philosophy and complaisant science, humanis m refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of a human nature.The word humanist derives from the 15th-century Italian term umanista. The term liberal humanism denotes the ruling assumptions, values and meanings of the modern epoch. It claims to be both natural and universal. The common feature of liberal humanism is freedom. It is not associated with supernatural things. Rather it believes that our manifestation can be explained by human investigation and thought. The doctrines of liberal humanism are * To know unknown and to create uncreated * Having rational faculty * Being self dependent * Superiority of human beings Absolute freedom of human mind *Having the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to our lives. EMERGENCE OF LIBERAL HUMANISM Liberal Humanism inaugurates rational enquiry and rejects the supernatural or the realm of emotions. It was a response to the Dark Ages when nation believed in morality blindly. The hold of the church building was so stro ng that even the king had to bow down to its decisions. At that time, volume were told that they must accept their place in the order of religion. Afterwards, humanism came with a belief in the freedom of human beings to control their own destinies.It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of mediaeval scholastic education emphasizing practical, pre-professional and scientific studies. Gradually, people started questioning the teachings of the church. Martin Luther King insisted on reading the Bible rather than following the interpretations of the priest. He argued that we must follow religion rationally. Many people started questioning the rigid ritualistic aspects of religion too. Even scientists like Galileo argue that one must read the script of nature.Such ideas promote the growth of science and reinforce the belief in observation and rational analysis. It is in such a context that humanism emerges. W ith this, we also see a resurgence in the study of Classical Greek and Roman texts. We see the emergence of faith in human rather than divine. In this way, liberal humanism has do human mind free from the existing bondage of religion in Middle age. PLATO (427-347) Plato is the founder of philosophy in ancient Greece get a line FACTS *The material we recognize through our body and our senses is not the real world but an imperfect copy of an model world. Art working to reproduce or array the perceptible material world. *Literature is main(prenominal) and needs to be regulated or supervised because it has a powerful effect on its readers. *The content of literature is more important than the form it comes in. According to Platos philosophy, reason was the in high spiritsest form of thought and the preferable means for convincing cultural knowledge. For Plato, reason is a regale of luculent deduction. Stories, poetry and drama appeal to their audiences emotion more than to t he rational minds.As art arouses emotions, it can never be neat. He said that truth can tho be apprehended through rational thought, as exemplified in Mathematics. Plato and his followers ignored the fact that we can perceive with our physical senses. In this realm, things remain in their most perfect form and never change. Their static condition makes them eternal and therefore the essence of all the things that exist in our material world are merely copies of the form that exist in the ideal world. As they are copies, they are necessarily less perfect than the original forms.According to Plato, we can understand the world of forms only through reason and the process of logical argument. Philosophers use logic and reason to disc over truth. By contrast, artists evoke emotions by making representations of the world. Plato considered all arts as representational. Art creates picture of the material perceivable world which Plato called nature. But nature is itself only a reproducti on, a copy of what exist in the perfect form in the realm of the ideal. So, any art that reproduces nature is merely copying from a copy. An artists work is always outback(a) from the world of truth and ideal perfection.As their creations are copies of copies and these copies excite feelings rather than reason, Plato worried that art and artist might threaten social order, and the eternal truths. In book X of The republic, Plato points specifically to poets and poetry in warning that all poetic personations are ruinous to the understanding of the hearers, unless as an antidote they possess the knowledge of the true nature of the knowledge. Plato worried that art, including literary art like poetry and drama tell lies and influence their audience in irrational ways.This didactic criticism argues that literature is a powerful medium for arousing emotions, without necessarily presenting any rational assessment that it can present a constant danger to its audience. Moral criticism foc uses on the content of a work of literature, asking whether its effect is good or bad rather than paying emotions to its artistic or formal values. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Aristotle, one of the ancient Greek philosophers, is the founding set about of western thought. KEY FACTS *Aristotles main concern was in the form and unity of an artistic work. Art is not binary star to the reason and threatening to logic and rationality. *Reality resides in the changeable world of sense perceptions or, the physical, material world. * Form of Ideal can only exist in substantial examples of that form. Aristotle was less interested in the content of literature than in its forms. According to Aristotle, art is not an imitation or a reproduction of nature of the world we perceive with our senses. So it is not an small reproduction or copy of nature rather it is a process of putting the events of nature into language or paint which helps to improve or complete nature.For example, when an artist p aints a picture of a cherry tree or writes a poem about it, he or she does not just copy the tree but creates a new version of the tree through the process. With the help of colors or words the artist re-creates it. Artists are important because art imposes order on a disordered and chaotic natural world. Literature particularly imposes a particular kind of narrative order on events. For that reason there is a beginning, middle and an end what is described in words. Aristotle believes that art and literature complete a process which the natural world leaves incomplete.Nature merely exhibits us with events and sensory experiences part art provides us with their meaning. Thus art and literature are a positive social force which is contrasting to Platos view. Aristotles arts, creating order and system help to find pleasure in the representation of an understandable and meaningful reality. The pleasure people flummox in representations conveys another type of truth. For Aristotle, re ality does not reside in a static eternal world of perfect ideal forms rather reality is the ever-changing world of appearances and perceptions.Platos concept was that any particular chair was only an inferior copy of the ideal form of head that could not be perceived through our senses. By contrast Aristotle puts logic that the only way we can know the essence of Chair the true meaning of chair is through individual instances of chairs. Form exists only in the concrete examples of that form Aristotles truth resides in discovering the rules and principles that govern how things work and take on meaning in our material world. Aristotle treats poetry and all arts forms, like biology.He is interested in discovering or creating ways to identify characteristics of various forms of poetry and create systematic categories through which to classify these forms. Plato founds the tradition of moral criticism about what a work of poetry does to its audience, on the other hand, Aristotle foun ds the tradition of genre criticism by investigating what a particular work is, rather than what it does. HORACE (65 BCE- 8BCE) Quintus Horiatius Flaccus was a Roman poet, commonly known as Horace. He is outdo known for his satires and his words odes.KEY FACTS *Horace focuses on the purpose of poetry, or literature in general. *The benefit of poetry is highlighted. *Two sources of poetry are nature and other authors. In the traditions of literary theory, Horace has contributed through his articulation of the purpose of poetry. Following Plato, he said that literature serves didactic purpose and it provides pleasure. According to him poetry is a useful teaching tool as it is pleasurable. Its lessons can be learned because the pleasure of poetry makes it popular.Horace also views nature as the primary source of poetry like Plato, but his concept is that poets should pursue other authors too. In this way, Horace establishes the necessity of a poet to know tradition, and respect inhe rited forms and conventions as well as creating new works. Sir Phillip Sidney (1554-86) One of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age, Sir Philip Sidney is most famous for his The Defence of Poetry. KEY FACTS *Sidney strongly urges that poetry serves both instruction and pleasure. *Poetry gives a shape to nature so that we can give way close to nature. poetry reveals the meaning lying beneath everything in this external world. Sidney straight off attacked Plato for his thoughts on poetry. The essence of Sidneys defence in favor of poetry by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of Philosophy is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. To him, poetry serves the dual purpose of instruction and pleasure. It provides a vehicle for instructing readers in the proper ways to be, think, act, believe and do just as treatment or histories. It provides enjoyment.Following Aristotle, he protected the puritan accusatio ns Poetry is the mother of lies. He answered that if a mere imitation of nature is in poetry, it is an inferior copy or a form of falsehood but if poetry is an act of creation, it can help us to understand the inner of this external material world. These so-called inferior copy, or mimetic, in fact presents a higher level of reality. Sidney says that poetry is the source of all learning. The final purpose of poetry is to lead us to high perfection as we are capable of. Sidney also quotes that a poem is a intercommunicate picture with this end, to teach and delight.Its primary aim to give pleasure. Poets ate superior to philosophers. It deals with the experience of many ages. If the philosopher is the guide, the poet will be the light. SIR FRANCIS BACON Sir Francis Bacon, a contemporary of Sidney and Shakespeare, he not only refers back to Elizabethan tradition, but bes it passionately. KEY FACT *Poetry does not present an inferior representation of the world we live in. *Imaginati on can create realities. *poetry does not assure and lie to the reader. *poetry is greater than rationalityIn philosophy Bacon followed Aristotles theory, which thought that poetry or in general, art is not merely a copy of real world, or called inferior. But rather that it presents a better world than the one we live in. In The Advancement of Learning, Bacon argues that history, fact, and reason can only present the world which describes with our sense, our own real experience. He disagrees with Plato on the fact that poetry manipulates and lies to the reader, but instead Sir Francis Bacon says that poetry presents a feigned history which chats directly to the human soul.Bacon wants to present that as human soul is greater than the sworld, so the imagined world is greater than perceptible material world. Even more importantly, poetry is greater than reason because reason can only present pre-existing material world, not alter it, but poetry is able to create a new world, and to r ule over it. Joseph Addison 1672-1719) He followed Plato. So, like Plato he was concerned with how literary work affects ifs reader. *Addison explores the question how poetry creates pleasure. * Two kinds of pleasure in humor- Primary and Secondary pleasure. The power of imagination and power of reason have been distinguished . * Reason investigates the cause of things and imagination experiencing them either directly or through representation. *Art is not just an imitation of nature. Addison was more interested in what a poem delights than in how, or what it instructs. Addison described two kinds of pleasure in imagination. One is primary pleasure and the other is secondary pleasure. Primary pleasure comes from the immediate experience of intents through sensory perception and secondary pleasure comes from the experience of ideas from the representation of objects.For example we can take The Simpsons and Shakespeares classical drama Hamlet. Even though majority thought that The Simpsons can create more pleasure than Hamlet but if they have to require one of them, most of people would rather choose Hamlet than The Simpsons. They supported that the pleasure of Hamlet come from representation of it. It is much better than The Simpsons because people get pleasure immediately but if they thought about it deeply, they would find that it is actually boring. Addison distinguishes the power of imagination from the power of reason.According to him, reason investigates the cause of things and imagination experiences them, either directly or through representations. The imagination is less refined than the faculty of reason. The pleasure of imagination is thus more easily acquired than those of reason and widely available to furious mind. Addison says that art is not just an imitation of nature, but an improvement or completion of it. He points out that the secondary pleasure of imagination makes it possible for an experience which would be disagreeable in actually to be represented in pleasurable form.SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-84) One important aspect to keep in mind while examining the thoughts of Samuel Johnson is that of the birth of fiction around the 18th century, following the rise of the novel as an important element of literature. KEY FACTS *Fiction depends on the idea of mimesis, presenting stories which pursue nature or real life, unlike poetry or drama. *Fiction deals with the stories to readers as though these individuals were real people. *Johnson is concerned with the morality of literature. Like other art works, fiction is also an imitation of nature or real life.Actually, art works are imitations of nature. However, they are not merely copies. It is a important conception. remote drama or poetry, fiction depends on the principle of realism. When readers read fiction, they would consider that these story or history really happened around our life. The realism of fiction stuporous the distinction between the imagined world of art and the real world of history and biography. As a result, the language which is used to write fiction is very different from drama or poetry.The language of fiction is usually common language, rather than the language of art, or artifice. Writers use common language to make the work more natural, more real. Johnson agreed with some parts of Platos thought. He also paid attention to the moral effect of fiction. He insisted that the fiction, such as novel, or sprite tale, is more dangerous than poetry or drama because in contrast of other kinds of art works, fiction is more real. Good art is that art which has a positive moral message and bad art has a bad message that encourages readers to create nix or destructive behavior.Thus, people who read these works would believe it more easily because of realism. The realism of fiction, according to Johnson, also ties the genre more closely to the realities of human existence because fiction comes from authors who have the direct knowledge of human nature. Moreover, as the source of fiction is natural and events or characters are easily recognizable and the language of fiction is general, fiction is able to affect people widely. Johnson warns that if writer cannot use it wholly, fiction would bring up so many negative or destructive problems.Johnson suggests to present the proper outcome of fiction where ugliness is punished and virtue rewarded. In Johnsons opinion, ancient Greek and Roman writers presented the best models of literary arts. Those works have withstood test of time, have proved themselves useful. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH From Sir Philip Sidney to Sir Joshua Reynolds, the theorists and critics broadly represent the thinking of Age of Enlightenment, and its debates about the relative importance of reason and imagination. But William Wordsworth , the first English Romantic poet wholly created a new world of art. KEY FACTS Wordsworth broadly follows Aristotelian thought and also reflects the ideas of the school of romanticism, stating that anything closer to nature was superior to anything artificial. *Nature is needs importance. *He is very much careful of opus a poem with feelings. The Romantic conception of Wordsworth endangered on the beliefs about the superiority of all things natural over anything artificial. According to Wordsworth poet is a man speaking to a man and that is why poet must use common language, rather than the artificial convention of meter and rhyme which had been a standard since the ancient Greek.Wordsworth mold up a system which believes that the rural is better than urban, the nature is better than the culture, the uneducated thoughts are closer to nature, and better than educated and complex. In stating that the child is father of the man, Wordsworth declares that children have the sensibility which adults have lost. Children are close to nature and we go away from nature becoming civilized adults. Wordsworth is more concerned with the resemblance between th e poet and the poem than with the relation between the poem and its reader.His interest is not in the moral effect of poetry. He examined what the poem is, how it is made, and who makes it, rather than what it does. For Wordsworth, poem is not a product of reason, or of art and artifice, but is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings which takes its origin form emotion recollected in tranquility. Since then, Feeling was ceremonious as the primal element of a poem and became more important than the action, situation, character, or mimetic accuracy. A good poem must have received expression of feelings generated in natural setting.JOHN KEATS (1795-1821) Keats followed the romantic path established by William Wordsworth and Coleridge. He is a great English poet and played an important role in Romanticism, in 19th century. KEY FACTS *Rational though get intos the world into two- subject and object. *Keats argued that empathic and reason, poetry and science, are incompatible an d oppositional which being combined can break the boundaries between subject and object. *For a good poet, Keats thought that it must possess have negative capability.According to Keats, Rational thoughts break the world into subject and object for the reasons of classification and analysis in the Aristotles Science Processes. Keats speaks about on interplay in the sense that sensations and empathetic experiences, including poetry, break down the barriers between subject and object and insist on this interaction between the two entities. However, Keats also feels that poetry and science, empathy and reason are two incompatible elements which are also oppositional.The most important key to understanding Keats in this context is negative capability, which in essence is the ability to stay comfortable with uncertainty and doubt without the need to find certainty. It became the central conflict in literary studies in the twentieth country. Formalist cristism argues that for a poem, they would focus on the resolution or an explanation for the unity of elements, while poststructuralism would recall Keats negative capability instead of answers.MATHEW ARNOLD (1822-1888) The last one is Matthew Arnold. He is the critic most closely associated with humanist perspective, with the establishment of the humanities, and especially literary. KEY FACTS *Preference on literary education *result of good poetry on human beings In his main critical work, The Function of Criticism at the Present Time, he argues about the heart of New Criticism and the goal of criticism is to see the object as in itself it really is, free of agendas, and preconceptions.According to Arnold, a literary education in the best texts will make us all better human beings, and make our world an easier and more humane place to live. He sought to defend art on the basis of what art can do to society and culture. He was the first cultural critic who claimed that to speak about literature, one has to speak abou t culture. He proposed that philosophy and religion could be replaced by poetry in modern society. He held that culture representing the best that has been thought and said in the world was available through literature.Mathew saw culture as the moral attributes to literature. To him, poetry has the unique power of making sense of life and culture allows us to be complete human beings. Literature has the power to create what he calls sweetness and light. These art the hallmarks of civilization and the citizens who have been educated to appreciate the best will develop taste, sensibility, a quality which Arnold calls high seriousness, and will be productive and peaceful members of their society.

Pollution in New York

Alberto A. Ortiz Bio 112 May 13, 2010 Pollution is all around us, everywhere we go, every day we bugger off some sort of pollution. Babies in the womb are more vulnerable than their mothers to DNA harm from air pollution, in spite of the additional protection that the placenta is suasion to supply in removing toxins. In a study of babies and their mothers in New York urban center, scientists open up that babies had accumulated a relatively high amount of mutations, and they connected the mutations to vehicle emissions.The babies also had more toxins from secondhand smoke than their mothers, who didnt even smoke. This information is listed in Environmental Health Perspectives. For many years, scientists have believed that a fetus whitethorn be more susceptible to toxins than an adult. Yet, new research among a handful of large studies has analyzed the genetic effects of pollution. It is not known what the health effects of this DNA legal injury, if any, are for newborns. Exposu re to these types of pollutants and tobacco smoke has been linked to increased risk for cancer in adults. This finding raises concern about fetal might and underscores the importance of reducing air pollution, produces Frederica Perera, who led the study at the Columbia Center for Childrens Environmental Health in New York City. The study include 265 pairs of nonsmoking African-American and Latina mothers and newborns in New York City. The researchers collected cord blood samples from the babies at the time of delivery and blood samples from the mothers a day after giving birth.Mothers and newborns had the selfsame(prenominal) level of DNA damage from air pollutants, but the researchers estimate that the fetus is exposed to a ten-fold lower dose of pollutants than the mother because the placenta serves as a filter. Thus, fetuses depend to be particularly susceptible to environmental toxins and may not be able to clear them from their bodies or repair damaged DNA. The finding tha t newborns had higher levels of cotinine, a byproduct of nicotine, in their blood than did their mothers reinforces he concern that babies are more affected by secondhand smoke. The scientists were able to measure the level of DNA damage from air pollutants in mothers and newborns by analyzing stretches of mutated DNA, called biomarkers, that have been associated with exposure to diesel emissions and other air pollutants. In a previous study of Caucasian women and their newborns in Krakow, Poland, Perera and her colleagues found similar prenatal susceptibility to air pollution.Because New York City has much lower levels of pollution than Krakow, they wanted to see if the same damage occurred. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg has put forward legislation, which allow provide the first comprehensive overhaul of the New York City Noise Code in over 30 years. Noise is the number one complaint to the Citys 311 citizen service hotline, currently averaging nearly 1,000 calls a day. Th e proposal provides a flexible environment to moderate New Yorks businesses thriving while addressing the number one quality of life complaint in New York.Mayor Bloomberg give tongue to that his new proposal, which was announce in June 2004, was the first overhaul of the Noise Code in over 30 years and would maintain the Citys vibrancy by equilibrize the need for construction, development and an exciting nightlife with New Yorkers well deserved right to peace and quiet. Building on the success of our enforcement initiative, Operation Silent Night, we are proposing a comprehensive revision to the noise recruit that will make New York quieter and more livable without stifling growth, the Mayor added.The new Noise Code will remove outdated code sections and replace them with ones that use the latest acoustic technology and will provide for flexible and reasonable enforcement. The new code provides updated and tender means of limiting noise from construction sites located near res idential neighborhoods. By establishing uniform best management practices for all work sites, using great discretion in granting permits for night and weekend work and mandating noise management plans that include portable sound barriers, noise jackets for jackhammers at all construction sites the code will decrease noise pollution.Neighbors apply special lotions after showering because their skin burns. Tests show that their tap wet contains arsenic, barium, lead, manganese and other chemical substances at concentrations federal regulators say could contribute to cancer and damage the kidneys and nervous system. How can we get digital cable and Internet in our homes, but not clean water? said Mrs. Hall-Massey, a senior accountant at one of the advances largest banks. She and her husband, Charles, do not live in some remote corner of Appalachia.Charleston, the state capital, is less than 17 miles from her home. How is this still happening today? she asked. When Mrs. Hall-Massey and 264 neighbors sued nine nearby coal companies, accusing them of putting dangerous waste into local water supplies, their lawyer did not have to look far for evidence. As required by state law, some of the companies had disclosed in reports to regulators that they were pumping into the ground illegal concentrations of chemicals the same pollutants that flowed from residents taps. nevertheless state regulators never fined or punished those companies for breaking those pollution laws. The vast majority of those polluters have escaped punishment. State officials have repeatedly ignored self-evident illegal dumping, and the Environmental Protection Agency, which can prosecute polluters when states fail to act, has often declined to intervene. Because it is difficult to determine what causes diseases like cancer, it is impossible to know how many illnesses are the results of water pollution, or contaminants role in the health problems of specific individuals.But concerns over these toxins are great enough that Congress and the E. P. A. regulate more than 100 pollutants through with(predicate) the Clean Water Act and strictly limit 91 chemicals or contaminants in tap water through the riskless Drinking Water Act. query shows that an estimated one in 10 Americans have been exposed to drinking water that contains dangerous chemicals or fails to meet a federal health benchmark in other ways. Those exposures include carcinogens in the tap water of major American cities and unsafe chemicals in drinking-water wells.Wells, which are not typically regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act, are more likely to contain contaminants than municipal water systems. Because most of todays water pollution has no look or taste, many people who consume dangerous chemicals do not realize it, even after they become sick, researchers say. The broadest definition of thermal pollution is the humiliation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature.Therma l pollution is usually associated with increases of water temperatures in a stream, lake, or marine due to the discharge of heated water from industrial processes, such as the generation of electricity. Increases in ambient water temperature also occur in streams where shading vegetation along the banks is removed or where sediments have made the water more turbid. Both of these effects allow more energy from the sun to be absorbed by the water and thereby increase its temperature.There are also situations in which the effects of frigidnesser-than-normal water temperatures may be observed. For example, the discharge of cold bottom water from deep-water reservoirs behind large dams has changed the downstream biological communities in systems such as the Colorado River. http//www. controllingpollution. com/pollution/thermal-pollution/ http//www. nydailynews. com/topics/Noise+Pollution http//www. dec. ny. gov/chemical/281. html http//www. nytimes. com/2009/12/17/us/17water. html