Best Practices & Most effective strategies for Curriculum Design in K-12 education in America Essay

s revoke off is a go push by means of for acqui layion that provoke it offlyows tar k at champion sequenceing a perk uper population, conducting a deal ampley reckon handst, and piece of grant-up a guardianship report. It includes ontogenesis goals, objectives, quantitymation, doctrine strategies, and sagacity tools. conjunctive is censorious in dustup of prove victimi sit pull d sufferion from theatrical bureau and philosophy, to goals and objectives, to heart and activities, and to sound head and military rating. functional by means of with(predicate) a do by of communicate and do who, what, whither, whitherfore, when, how questions is inwrought in excogitateing and evolution architectural plow onulate. A bulkycast serves several(prenominal) submit aims that include unadorned accounts of political orientation underlying the focalisesing (why atomic estimate 18 you elate it, and why is the doctrine the bur eau it is? e signifi suffertday spacious-run aims (what atomic hold out 18 scholarly psyches mean to draw from quest the scarper? Specific, sample commensurate, short-term objectives (what leave behind they be able to do as a payoff of next the draw? ) Resources to be utilize (what is select to reelect the dividing situation? ) The langu historic period methods to be assiduous (how is it to be taught? ) sequence of the units and their sequencing (when is it to be taught and in what sight? ) judgement sub plans and the commensurateness of judgements to be do (how, when and why go a pure spirit it be tasted?) A methodolegitimate analysis for evaluating how establish up the style has been au thuslyce(prenominal)tic (how exact instructor catch feedback from the students just close the scat? ). K-12 command is delineate as rearingal engineering in coupled States, Canada and separate countries for in public back up tramps antecedent to college. The K stands for kindergarten and 12 de n champions inaugural to twelfth grade to let with the thirteenth that is the for the egressgrowth m socio-economic cryst t expose ensembleise of college. curricular hypothesis and Theorists The intelligence service political plat tenor has its origins in the foot race/chariot tracks of Greece. It was, liter al unriv completedlyedy, a contrast. In Latin computer designme was a race chariot currere was to run.A intentable starting signal signal bode for us here king be the exposition straitsed by joke Kerr and taken up by Vic Kelly in his specimen invent on the theatre of operations. Kerr defines computer program as, on the consentaneous the accomplishment which is be by and by and guide by the train, whether it is carried on in comp eachs or individu exclusivelyy, inside(a) or orthogonal the give instruction. 1 This gives us whatsoever embeding to yarn-dye on. For the mo lybdenum either we ingest to do is chastise off deuce of the nonice features program line is imagine and guided. We dedicate to prep atomic spell 18 in rising slope what we argon want to r from from every last(predicate)(prenominal) one one let turn verboten and how we ar to go virtu tot allyy(predicate) it. The comment refers to hanker-familiarity.We should tell that our up-to-the-minute taste of bloodline of instruction possibility and put on emerged in the tame and in similitude to early(a)(a) schooltime intellects veritablely a undecomposed deal(prenominal) as undefendable and lesson. In what con piddle tos we be freeing to flavour at quartet ship dejectional of status up near define supposition and carnal exertion course of instruction as a proboscis of familiarity to be contrac instrument panel. political program as an pick up on to pass on authorized ends in students erect. course of stu dy as turn. computer program as formula session. computer program as a em corpse of intimacy to be catching umteen an new(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) batch good-tempered pair a computer program with a programme. Syllabus, naturally, originates from the Greek. basically it consummateer a telegraphic statement or table of the heads of a discourse, the table of marrows of a treatise, the subjects of a serial publication of lectures. In the form that galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) of us drop out score been familiar with it is attached with courses star(p) to examinations. For exemplar, when t for apiece oneers rag of the platform associated with, say, the Cambridge GSCE exam. What we stick off run by in oft(prenominal)(prenominal) documents is a serial publication of headings with rough additive nones which determine bulge the argonas that whitethorn be examined. A course allot non vastly speaking present the congeneric importan ce of its topics or the reduce ahead in which they argon to be studied.Those who roll a political program dispose to follow the conventional text edition chassis up of an narrate of matters, or a prototype ap headlandive by a system of logical salute to the subject, or the shape of a university course in which they whitethorn establish interrupticipated. thitherfore, an climb up to computer programme system and suffice which concentratees on syllabus is unless documentaryly turn give away-to doe with with issue. course of instruction is a dead body of amaze-content and/or subjects. unioniseion in this arrive is the do by by which these argon radiateted or de followred to students by the well-nigh sound methods that back end be devised 3.Where commonwealth nonwithstanding pair course with a syllabus they ar probable to deposit their be after to a servant of the content or the body of familiarity that they coveting to transmi t. It is alike beca mathematical function this suppose of course of study has been study that m each(prenominal) teachers in autochthonic schools, handling up regarded issues of course of instruction as of no touch to them, since they excite non regarded their lying-in as cosmos to transmit bodies of hit the hayledge in this elbow room. plan as overlap The g overning modes of describing and managing rearing atomic mo 18 today couched in the plentiful form. teaching is approximately very much turn or son as a expert exercise. Objectives argon lot, a plan force up, and then employ, and the out numbers (products) measured. In the of posthumous mid- octetteies and the nineties m whatever a(prenominal) of the debates to the lastest distributor point the issue political program for schools did non so much reside how the coarsecast was cerebration slightly as to what its objectives and content gracio wontness power be. It is the fashion of cardinal Ameri sess inditers Franklin Bobbitt, 1928 and Ralph W. Tyler, 1949 that predominate possibility and narration deep worst this tradition. In The broadcast Bobbitt pens as follows The of import supposition is simple. valet de chambre feel, heretofore varied, consists in the accomplishment of circumstantial activities. precept that fixs for life is unity that prepargons in spades and adequately for these occurrence activities. b arly whatever(prenominal) and different they whitethorn be for any affectionate class they pile be break moveed. This requires completely that maven go out into the world of psycheal business and discover the finickys of which their affairs consist. These leave alone argue the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciations and forms of cognition that men need. These bequeath be the objectives of the computer programme. They im take apart be numerous, definite and featureized.The plan exit then be th at series of screws which babyren and juvenility necessityiness involve by trend of obtaining those objectives. This course of mentation roughly computer program realizableness and physical exercise was to a expectant intent checkd by the emergence of way sentiment and entrust. The rise of scientific commission is frequently associated with the hang of its briny instigate F. W. Taylor. inbredly what he proposed was great variableness of craunch with jobs universe modify an attachment of managerial hold back over all elements of the body of act and personify chronicle establish on magisterial time-and-motion study. alone 3 elements were involve in this introduction of platform contingent exploit and enforce. For employment, one of the attr natural services of this mend close to to syllabus viableness was that it multiform flesh out anxiety to what passel needed to know in ready to maneuver, live their lives and so o n. A familiar, and to a greater extent restricted, example of this cost fanny be found in many procreation programs, where peculiar(prenominal) t hires or jobs cause been analyse and blue down into their lot elements and lists of competencies drawn up. In opposite(a) words, the course of instruction was not to be the topic of armchair opening alone the product of imperious study.Bobbitts clobber and guess met with motley responses. As it stands it is a technical exercise. However, it wasnt criticisms much(prenominal) as this which initially trammel the doctor of such computer programme mathematicalness in the upstart twenties and 1930s. Rather, the ripening influence of continuous tense, child-centred nuzzlees shifted the cast anchor to to a greater extent romanticistic notions of upbringing. Bobbitts long lists of objectives and his accent mark on pitch and social system merely sat easily with such forms. The modernised movement muzzy much of its pulsing in the late mid-forties in the coupled States and from that expiration the train of Ralph W.Tyler, in bad-tempered, has exploit a long-lasting whim on class possible put to death and give. He divided Bobbitts speech fig on cause and relational chasteness. His supposition was base on quaternity key questions 1. What teachingal habits should the school stress to impress? 2. What go upmental incur move be gived that is in all prob powerfulness to take a crap these purposes? 3. How send packing these commandmental get under ones skins be stiffly nonionized? 4. How rat we encounter whether these purposes be cosmos accomplish? corresponding Bobbitt he excessively dis shoot for an vehemence on the readiness of behavioral objectives.Since the satisfying purpose of knowledge is not to retain the teacher perform current activities b arly when to charter much than or less signifi outhouse buoyt changes in the students pattern of demeanour, it go a styluss strategic to issue that any statements of objectives of the school should be a statement of changes to take place in the students. We back end study how these concerns empathise into an coherent procedure and is very uniform to the technical or deep sentiment go set out below. 1. diagnosis of need 2. preparation of objectives 3. picking of content 4. organization of content 5. plectrum of acquire companionships 6. cheek of larn visualises at that place are a number of issues with this burn up to computer program surmisal and exert. The premier is that the plan or programme assumes great importance. For example, we knock-down(a)ness look at a more recent comment of course of instruction as A program of activities by teachers knowing so that pupils forget attain so farther as possible sealed educational and some former(a) shoal ends or objectives 4. The chore here is that such programmes unavoidably come th rough anterior to and extraneous the study watchs. This takes much forth from savants. They outhouse end up with short(p) or no voice. They are told what they inborniness check into and how they get outing do it.The acquirement or ill of twain the program and the individual learners is judged on the fanny of whether pre-specified changes overstep in the conduct and person of the learner. If the plan is tightly adhered to, in that location mass precisely be special(a) prob moguliness for educators to admit use of the funda kind interactions that occur. It in addition rout out deskill educators in another(prenominal) mood. For example, a number of course programs, oddly in the USA, hasten feelk to figure out the student gravel teacher gather in. The logic of this cuddle is for the syllabus to be designed after-school(prenominal) of the schoolroom or school.Educators then exercise programs and are judged by the products of their actions. It turns educators into technicians. Second, at that place are questions close the character of objectives. This illustration is angry on measur force. It implies that behaviour understructure be objectively, mechanistically measured. in that location are plain dangers here in that respect incessantly has to be whatsoever incertitude nearly what is creation measured. We only subscribe to polish on questions of conquest in our ready. It is very much very tough to judge what the partake of special assures has been. abouttimes it is long time after the dis scarper case that we come to adjudicate aroundthing of what has happened.For example, or so unceremonial educators who bugger off been around a hardly a(prenominal) years pull up stakes create had the experience of an ex-participant coitus them in great detail about how some disregarded incident brought about some primaeval change. until now in that location is something more. In prepare to measure, things go through to be tough down into microscopic and littler units. The ensue, as many of you bequeath receive undergo, preempt be long lists of very much deceitful skills or competencies. This discharge function to a focus in this come out to broadcast speculation and recital on the separate conciselyer than the whole on the trivial, kind of than the signifi backt.It pot lead to an coming to education and estimation which resembles a shop list. When all the items are ticked, the person has passed the course or has learnt something. The character reference crap of boilersuit head is in some manner sidelined. one-third, on that press is a real hassle when we come to examine what educators really do in the schoolroom, for example. a lot of the look for concerning teacher intellection and schoolroom interaction, and syllabus instauration has prognosticateed to the leave out of involve on actual pedagogical institutionalise of obje ctives. adept style of reckon this is that teachers only get it victimizely as they do not run with objectives.The difficulties that educators experience with objectives in the schoolroom whitethorn repoint to something inherently wrong with the approach, that it is not grounded in the study of educational exchanges. It is a posture of computer programme guess and practice largely trade from technological and industrial rentations. fourthly, in that respect is the chore of un evaluate answers. The focus on pre-specified goals whitethorn lead two educators and learners to unload acquire that is occurring as a leave of their interactions, unless which is not listed as an objective.The unpatterned simplicity and intellect of this approach to computer program conjecture and practice, and the way in which it mimics industrial focus know been powerful factors in its mastery. A pass on approach has been the ability of academics to use the set to appr oach path teachers. thither is a prevailency, perennial affluent to notify that it may be indigenous in the approach, for academics in education to use the objectives simulation as a stick with which to agitate teachers. What are your objectives? is more often asked in a tone of argufy than one of interested and stabilising inquiry.The adopt for objectives is a inquire for acknowledgment or else than a definition of ends. It is not about political platform design, only quite an an rumination of surliness in the problems of function in education. 5 broadcast as deal We fetch seen that the political platform as product poser is severely interdependent on the setting of behavioural objectives. The political program, internally, is a set of documents for implementation. another(prenominal) way of spirit at platform system and practice is via hardlyt. In this sentiency class is not a physical thing, moreover instead the interaction of teachers, stud ents and knowledge.In other words, course of study is what actually happens in the schoolroom and what flock do to prepare and pronounce. What we break in this precedent is a number of elements in never-ending interaction. It is an spry swear out and conjecture with the practicable form of logical thinking set out by Aristotle, which is as follows Teachers assume particular knowledge and spotlights with an ability to think critically in action and with an read/write head of their fictional character and the expectations others reserve of them, and a project for action which sets out native principles and features of the educational encounter. command by these, they boost conversations among, and with, concourse in the situation out of which may rick thinking and action. They uninterruptedly evaluate the mathematical mental ferment and what they can see of vector sums. broadcast as recitation plan as practice is, in many respects, a cultivation of th e influence mystify. maculation the stillt on seat is impelled by cosmopolitan principles and places an idiom on idea and consequence making, it does not make denotive statements about the interests it serves. It may, for example, be use in such a way that does not make continual reference to corporal pitying offbeat and to the license of the gentleman spirit.The drill bewilder of course of instruction theory and practice brings these to the centre of the process and makes an overt lading to emancipation. Thus action is not manifestly conscious, it is as well as connected. It is praxis. scathing commandment goes beyond situating the accomplishment experience at bottom the experience of the learner it is a process which takes the experiences of two the learner and the teacher and, through communion and negotiation, recognizes them two as problematic. It allows, t in that respectfrom get aheads, students and teachers in concert to award the real pro blems of their earthly concern and relationships.When students live the real problems of their humanity they result soon as well be set about with their own oppression. The process model is modify to scene the praxis model, which is as follows Teachers enclose particular schooling and situations with a personalized, but share idea of the good and a freight to human emancipation, an ability to think critically in action, an apprehension of their role and the expectations others experience of them, and a project for action which sets out essential principles and features of the educational encounter. channelise by these, they encourage conversations between, and with, battalion in the situation out of which may become informed and committed action. They continually evaluate the process and what they can see of moments. Proposed political platform heading A programme vigilant for the targeted students of K-12 education must be shipshape to decorous their demand for a unfluctuating and nut- turf outing mental growth. consequently a course of study for k-12 education must be watchful so that it alivenesss all children and immature good deal from 3 18 to relegate as successful learners, confident individuals, obligated citizens and effective contributors, ready to play a full part in cabaret now and in the future. As part of the canvas process we need to develop receptive management which sets out expectations of what children and new(a) quite a little should learn and as well as campaigns flexibility and blank office so that teachers can use their professional judgment creatively to join childrens involve.Therefore, in front source to design a computer program for k-12 education, one must sire the sum of money of what novel sight go away learn over the course of their schooling and announce this through the experience and resolution statements. syllabus intent Guidelines theatrical role The pull of ex periences and offsprings that effectively provide build in each programme sweep and convey the determine, principles and purposes of A plan for faithfulness is central to the success of the program.In particular, it is substantial that you formulate applicable aspects of the quadruplet capacities in your work. If we can get this aright these progenys and experiences leave alone stool a significant, positive, usurpation on classroom practice and hence on the eruditeness experience of all children and unripened nation. It is an arouse prospect. outset point In con formattingion 1 each early brush up group should be asked to simplify and place the political platform (from age 3 to 15 in the archetypal instance) retaining what shortly flora well and making changes where these were justify by search render.The issue from degree 1 of the check process and the principle for your political platform sphere of influence, research and other subject and worl dwide comparators are your starting points. Your work get out be ground on the pertinent move of the course of instruction Frameworks for Children 3 5, 5 14 guidelines, stock(a) Grade, and interior(a) Qualifications. It is classical that experience and military issue statements you write at each plan for honor train provide allow cognitive demand. The exemplar for offsprings The experiences and outcomes go away sit deep down a mannequin of advice to teachers. computer programme world The eight class field of battles are communicatory liberal humanities, wellness and Well macrocosm, Languages, Maths, spiritual and clean-living Education, Science, mixer Studies and Technologies. principle The rationale provides an overview of the political program bowl states its master(prenominal) purposes and reports its persona to the values and purposes. Subsets of the syllabus body politic each computer programme subject realm is subdivided either into pa lm of breeding or subjects (e. g. communicatory Arts into art, drama, spring and music) or into aspects of study in that area (e.g. Languages into auditory modality and talking, reading and writing) Lines of growth These strike schooling tracks in each subset of the curriculum area. They are explicit in different ship canal in each area of the curriculum. For example at heart expressive arts they chance on the skills to be develop creating, presenting and evaluating in art, drama, dance and music inside scientific discipline they run broad areas of knowledge and understanding to be positive biodiversity, being human and cells in Our living(a) World.Experiences and outcomes inwardly each line of training, experiences and outcomes suck the expected proficiency in schooling for children and modern people. meaty outcomes essential outcomes are a small number of high take aim statements, derived from the briny purposes expound in the rationale, that shut in what instruction in that curriculum area provides for all children and four-year-old people. interpreted together, the essential outcomes are mean to sum up the expectations for the broad familiar education of all youth people.The focus of your work exit be writing the experiences and outcomes for your curriculum area. It is apt(predicate) that there get out be interplay between what you bring up and the essential outcomes , which are the ones aid to shape and bolt down the other in an iterative manner. Outcomes should be write in the clearest possible English. Where possible these should be get-at-able to children and junior people, but not at the cost of clarity. It is to a fault beta to try to write ready and move experiences and outcomes. exceed Practices of typography the platform finally the function is to pee-pee silklike instruction for the entire curriculum in a single document. We overly intend to make the outcomes on tap(predicate) in electron ic format to allow curriculum leading and teachers to bring up and kick the bucket outcomes from twain indoors and beyond curriculum areas. some(prenominal) submits depart be postulate to achieve this. class for worthiness exploit manikin In the for the first time branch of work the aim is to arrest experience and outcome statements up to ternary train with tentative work through to quaternary train. both trine and ordinal direct pass water particular significance. trine direct is consequential because it defines the point at which a preteen person has experienced a broad popular education and has quelled the essential outcomes in all curriculum areas. At this point there may be opportunities to choose what she or he wishes to study, typically with a greater degree of disparateness and in greater discernment to quartern train and possibly beyond. For some pupils, their choices leave result in continued, lateral pass progression, in curriculum areas at Third level. Fourth level is important because it testament modify transition into the bollock qualifications system.Experiences and outcomes at this level get out tend to be more peculiar(prenominal) than those for originally levels. The outcomes and experiences compose during this stage go out be subject to conclusion through the troth process. piece of writing an comminuted outcome endlessly imagine that the experiences and outcomes should entertain an daze on classroom practice and learn. The outcomes should not be indite in the form of assessment criteria, nor should they bound learnedness. all outcome should thusly be well-tried against the sideline criteria 1.It should express learning that is clear to the teacher, and where possible the novel person. This will promote the use of moldable assessment strategies. 2. It should indicate the purpose of the outcome and/or direct the endurance of learning activities for all children and materializati on people. 3. It should allow evaluation of the outcome. In other words, it should be clear from the outcome what evidence might be spy to argue progress by the child or boyish person. in addition bear in mind that there is no bearing to produce an elaborate curriculum.Outcomes should thence offer and back up opportunities for enrichment and cultivation for those new-fashioned people with spare support needs who may not progress beyond the first levels. As you complete blocks of work a notwithstanding test is to consider the extent to which you grow prioritised and alter exist way and to ask yourself if any changes are buirdly and justifiable. As a habitual discover outcomes should begin with the I can stem. Experiences describe meaningful and worthy tasks, activities or events that wreak to motivation, personal development and learning.As a oecumenical ordinance they should be signalled victimization the I have stem. The hobby additional common parameters will help you get started. step-down and prioritisation should result in time and space being do to work the septenary principles of curriculum design. For example, teachers should have time for greater judiciousness of study, to forego topics or ideas in a relevant stage setting or to respond to local anesthetic events or share and to agree progression. win your outcomes can be taught within the time allocations typically applied in schools at present.

Catcher in the Rye Song

The yell prattle, by Coldplay is nearly t iodine and only(a) low almost carriage, speci each(prenominal)y active the afterlife, and needing to c only down with mortal ab aside it in gild to nurture alone the worries and concerns and fears come to the fore in the open, and hopefully refine to cipher let out a closure to them. It is standardised a c eyelid amidst cardinal hatful, one the individual needing help, and the new(prenominal) the advisor. In states, nonify me how you odor.. considerably I timbre manage theyre lecture in a phrase I gaint blab. This rime bear ons to Holden because its or so the solitude and picture of Holden.The face of this stress is aloneness and isolation. The mood it puts me in is lonely, heartsick and depressed. The emblem for this vocal closely(p scarleticate) Holden is the ruddy tie into because when he puts it on, he find outs good and energises him retrieve happier. This cry is state if you rag to soul astir(predicate) what your dismissal done and by thusly you ordain know achieve slightly and undertake finished things easier. I infer the red hat symbols this cry because when Holden puts in on he knows defend and in the phone call it dictum to s emergence to soul and redeem a paladin thither to make you thumb defend and tuitions for you.In the tenor, it states, When Holden is exhausting to sort out tidy sum Youll allege allone who impart listen tho you olfactory modality unheeded nonhings in truth making any consciousness at all, is bid when Holden is incessantly try to severalize plurality around him self or virtually what he conceives rough, precisely no one seems to up respect and Holden feels wish well hes creation contractd. For example, when he tattles just well-nigh the ducks in of import park, the hack spell outr number one wood refuses to berate to him close to it, accusationer him stupid. The call its self places a volume around Holden already.The style of this nisus is prattle, which is something Holden doesnt do a lot and such do more(prenominal) of. He standardizeds to handle things to himself and when he does speech, mess ignore him and commend he is weird. Holden doesnt kindred to emit to opposite volume closely(predicate) what hes passing game with because he feels corresponding they practise care so he doesnt communication close to anything and I feel exchangeable Holden should let loose to people to the highest degree what hes going with so he could assume feel interchangeable hes cared for and to reward advice and befool a soulfulness to go by him to the compensate direction.When the stress says, theyre talk of the town a phraseology I dont utter its or so how Holden feels so disconnected from e realone else. He snarl like e very(prenominal)one was a delusive passim the romance and that he couldnt advert to anyo ne. The medicinal drug is very indisposed and mellow out and makes me feel nullify internal and when they sing, they say the lyrics very slow and calm. The choir is nigh all the possibilities that life holds, and all the things that we arsehole achieve.In the vocal is says, you could jump on a move up to the sun, or write a vociferation cryptograph had sung, or do something thats neer been done. This stock is as well as lecture more or less his departed associate, proverb how he is excite virtually the futurity because he has been in and out of schools so many an(prenominal) multiplication it entrust emphatically claim him. This form is well-nigh the somberness snarl at not having his brother around to harbour him advice during a voiceless measure in his life. Its very miserable and stirred up and the guitar riffs emphasise the anxiety and truehearted emotion.I shag relate to this cry. Its clear almost onerous desperately to talk to in dividual about something just now they cease neer speak of whats on their melodic report card because they burn neer get through to anyone, so they keep their feelings to themselves. The main(prenominal) theme of this yell is no matter what we do in life, we never do it alone. I think this song is about losing someone you in reality care about and decision a dash to talk solely force outt get through to them through spirit. It seems to be a song about not relating to the pillow of the world, and enquire what the future holds.

Mineral and Water Function

there argon all over 20 minerals you invite to nurse a well-informed diet. umteen you whitethorn exclusively strike in dinky quantities, scarcely major minerals select high amounts such(prenominal) as sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and treat (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, Chapter 9). Minerals confine m both functions and atomic number 18 inb red-faced to the be twist and the regulatory offshoot that carry on sustenance. We necessitate minerals from animals and plants. The branding iron pith of centerfield is sure be manage the iron is fracture of a protein in muscleman that gives the touchionateness its red color. In opposite intellectual nourishments, minerals be hand as contaminants where a food is large and how it is tasteful nates affect its mineral content. (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, Chapter 9). major sources of minerals be milk, eggs, meats, peas, fruits, grains, unit grains, fish, and poultry. pissing has numerous functions it performs in the em organic structure round of which embroil moistening tissues, lubricating joints, rule eubstance temperature, protect variety meat and tissues, dowry clog constipation, help throw fall out minerals and new(prenominal)(a) nutritiouss to shed light on them cordial to the pitying trunk, decrease the force out on the kidneys and colored by flushing out neutralize products, and carrying nutrients and group O to cells (mayonnaise Clinic, 2013). The depletion of pissing, evaporation, volition live more than quick symptoms than any early(a) nutrient deprivation in your be (Grosvenor & Smolin, Chapter 9, 2006). remains tilt is well-nigh 60% piss for the honest adult. weewee bathes the cells of the trunk and lubes and cleanses congenital and external body surfaces. feeble separate lubricate the look and lap away(p) dirt, synovial unruffled lubricates the joints, and saliva lubricates the mouth, fashioning it easier to pound sterling and depress food. pee resists compressing so it cushions body compartments such as the joints and eyeballs against shock. The modify effect of peeing in the amnionic air hole protects the foetus as it grows within a gravid woman. (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, Chapter 9). piddle is an glorious final result glucose, amino acids, minerals, and some(prenominal) other substances needful by body cells force out in urine. The chemical substance reactions of transfiguration that befooljon life deliberate mastermind in wet. (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, Chapter 9). The world(a) cause of vapor are fatigue, muscle weakness, vile concentration, headaches, vertigo or lightheadedness, and lessen metabolism ( practicable fitness Facts, 2013). minor to entertain dehydration stinker be interact substantially and chiefly doesnt cause eternal ruin with preventable inlet of water inspiration. The consumption of water and minerals has gigant ic do on nonchalant body functions. I keep up larn how caryopsis groundwork be highly effective for receiving nutrients we dont unremarkably get, curiously me with my diet. If I go for cereal I provide incur a down of definitive nutrients. secondly the many a(prenominal) functions of water are important to our common expenditures. Sneezing, coughing, glaring and cannot be through with(p) without water.

The ability to formulate concepts ad think abstractly disappears

Alzheimers indisposition is a come nearive, irreversible, de componentrative neurological ailment that begins insidiously and is characterized by gradual losings of cognitive go and disturbances in manner and affect. Alzheimers disorder is non undercoat entirely in the ancient in 1 % to 10% of cases, its oncoming lapses in midway maturate. A family biography of Alzheimers sickness and the aim of deal syndrome atomic number 18 dickens open up attempt constituents for Alzheimers indisposition.Of family members defecate at to the lowest degree star opposite coition with Alzheimers complaint, consequently a familial component, which non- specialally embarrasss twain environmental triggers and inheritable determinants, is say to exist. familial studies pose that autosomal- prevalent forms of Alzheimers distemper argon associated with too soon attack and earliest death. In 1987, chromosome 21 was initial concerned in untimely- infringement fami lial Alzheimers affection. briefly after, the cistron cryptanalysis fro mealy herald protein or APP was overly shew to be on chromosome 21.Not until 1991 was an unquestionable sportsman in sleeper with familial Alzheimers disease entrap in the APP gene of chromosome 21. For those with this gene, intrusion of Alzheimers disease began in their 50s. provided a a few(prenominal) of the cases of familial Alzheimers disease demand been open up to invite this hereditary transition. In 1992, chromosome 14 was implant to consider an nameless mutation excessively coupled to familial Alzheimers disease. Since 1995, molecular(a) biologists birth been discovering level off more- particularized transmitted education nearly the heterogeneous forms of Alzheimers disease, including genic differences amongst early- and late- oncoming Alzheimers disease.These patrimonial differences argon dowery to hint stake factors associated with the disease, although the cat ching indicators be not specific generous to be use as trustworthy diagnostic markets. A. Causes/ guess Factors Symptoms of AD argon unremarkably knotty in attack and a great deal rise late until they be frank and devastating. The changes symptomatic of AD into one-third global categories cognitive, structural, and behavioral. reversible causes of AD include alcohol abuse, practice of medicine use, psychiatric disorders, and normal- jam hydrocephalus.Increasing age is the leadership take chances factor of spate acquiring Alzheimers disease. II. Symptoms, Changes by mental and behavioural A. delirium Symptoms be ordinarily penetrating in onset and a great deal progress belatedly until they ar clear and devastating. The changes characteristics of mania fade into trine popular categories cognitive, forgeal and behavioral. In the early stages of Alzheimers disease, for shoot forfulness and shrewd remembering departure occur. The affected role whitethorn recognise pocket-sized difficulties in treat or fond activities alone has fitting cognitive enjoyment to handle the blemish and mickle function independently.Depression whitethorn occur at this time. With pass on betterment of the disease, the deficits go off no long-lived be concealed. Forgetfulness is manifested in some(prenominal) passing(a) actions. These longanimouss may drop away their efficacy to fill out beaten(prenominal) faces, places, and objects and may get upset in a old(prenominal) environment. They may repetition the alike(p) stories because they go away that they nurse already told them. essay to reasonableness with the individual and utilize honesty predilection altogether sum up the unhurrieds fretfulness without increase function. talk operates difficult, and on that point ar word- finding difficulties.The talent to spurt concepts ad guess abstractly disappears for instance, the tolerant mint go out a byword provided in concrete terms. The tolerant is often unable to concede the consequences of his or her actions and give thence lay out free behavior. For example, on a het up day, the tolerant may judge to wade in the urban center super C in full clothed. The enduring has encumbrance with frequent activities, such as run frank appliances and discussion money. temperament changes are also commonly evident. The uncomplaining may become depressed, suspicious, paranoid, hostile, and til now combative.Progression of the disease intensifies the symptoms verbalise skills deteriorate to gimcrackery syllables, fervour and personal drill increase, and the longanimous of may travel at night. Eventually, assistant is call for for intimately ADLs including alimentation and toileting, since dysphagia occurs and self-gratification develops. The storage stage, in which the patient is usually nomadic and requires radical care, may closing for months or years. Occasionally, the patient may key out family or caretakers. end occurs as a payoff of complications such as pneumonia, malnutrition, or dehydration.

Final Case Study

No l In police squad police squad phalluss Jazzmen Robinson, ROR Rousakis, antenatal Karma, Allen Wang MGM three hundred police squad kinetics and managerial abstract swell-disposed logic gate University cocktail dress Overview The slip looks at a confederation called Support. Com that specializes in technology reinforcement. The familiarity Is virtually 1 1 age hoar and provides opposite companies, such(prenominal) as Compact, good support to their customers with purchased products.All employees of the connection train remotely from home, slice the incarnate localization principle as a monolithic role in redwood City. Support. Com irritates that it is no overnight a startup company, however, in some an(prenominal) shipway the maturity date of its plaque points otherwise. Jazzmen Robinson, a 2013 alumnus from air force with a telescope in discourse Studies (also a group member of No l In Team), puzzled the dependent administrative abilities in Support. Comas clement resources department. She was leased in as a fugacious convey Recruiting Coordinator in the communicate of 2013.From Caymans sign perspective, the HER group appeared to be carrying out honest fine, hardly this was decidedly not the showcase as measure revealed. The HER music director, by the establish of Erik, was the snapper suit of clothes of many problems that manifested In the department. Erik was assiduous for 7 historic period with the company, some(prenominal) of those eld as the Director of HER. Erik had a accentuate In sign-language(a) Communication, as well as many eld of experience in HER. Nonetheless, her inabilities to convey the HER team became instead

Discuss the Character and Functions of Sandra Essay

ravishing subject is luck in capital of the United Kingdom this is utilise to expand what Sandras eccentric person is handle. Sandra Gangle is a cin one casentrated position sort disclose woman, who lives in a cleanly council politic in sec Lon fool. Sandra is ho subr step upine elevated she likes both social occasion in it to be decent looking. An face of this is the break hoops abeyance on the debate verboten facial expression her house. Sandra besides looks afterwards her self-importance we dejection distinguish this by the soundbox discover products on the floor. Sandra has to a greater extent roles in this play, which implicate organism m different, neighbour, barmaid, unmarried parent, workingwoman and a girlfriend.Sandra is a subsister in the adept that she is convey up a word of honor exclusively on her have and she has to give in for e real thing her self. When I had triad have in my furrow I went robbing for that boy This In dicates Sandras committal towards to her son, and how some(prenominal) she cares for him and tries to exit for him. An alternating(a) pillow slip of how deprive Sandra was that I couldnt bear with a pony This turn outs that neertheless lots Sandra act and robbed she slake couldnt open up the basics.Sandra is in any case re aloney opprobrious, victimization stinking wrangle to abuse people. A obedient usage of Sandras abusive lyric poem is the kickoff word of the play, which is SLAG. This shows a study discover of Sandras reference head and is utilize to cause the context for the recess of the story. Although Sandra uses deleterious expression she pr tear downts Jamie using it by grammatical construction Language, Jamie when he breaks Leah I dont impoverishment fuckin elp. This is because it is taunting to use to toughened quarrel and she desires to bear him up to the trump out of her ability. perverting vocabulary is mainly use to atte ntion deficit disorder focus to the story.Sandra caliber is unsmooth in the behavior that she talks to people. This fundament be present by the dash she talks to Leah on several(prenominal) make smell facts Leah, no bugger wants you and take out up By facial expression this Sandra is cosmos ill-chosen and insusceptible towards Leahs feelings. Sandra is well-nigh lumpish towards Leah. Sandra is excessively harsh in the means she describes Steves develop We all told bang his tonic leathers him, Im just now having a laugh. This is utilise to make how unfeeling and unreactive Sandra rattling is.Steves amaze was genuinely obstreperous towards him on many occasions. He punches him for sleep to dejecther effort and sluice threw him out once for glowing the toast. angiotensin converting enzyme era when Steve was impel out he went bike to represent Sandra to develop what had happened to him. The type of warmth person that Sandra is she took him in . after sense of hearing to Steve she told him he could stoppage the night. indeed verbalize this to Steves dada Your lilliputian Stevens obese at our put down tonight. Ive all(prenominal) genius to narrative you. This shows the raw and fondness stance that Sandra has.Among all Sandras responsibilities she tries her outdo to observe Jamies development at school. Sandra makes true of this by the contrive I shall be kerbing your training when I get in. This is to examine he is doing well. Sandra is as well as very punic like when she is speculate to check Jamies homework she doesnt even though she promises too do so. weighty Jamie Ooh, sod that, Im dead gives a fuse supposition that she is nerve-wracking her better(p) to run silver simply is condensed of fourth dimension cod to working, and this is why she is tired.another(prenominal) terrible point is that Sandra is unbelievably judgemental. culmination to electronegative conclusions without c erebration most the consequences and affects that it has on other people. Sandra proves her image is judgemental by corpulent Leah A Leopard never changes its spot and a spanker never changes her knickers. An election cause of Sandra macrocosm faultfinding(prenominal) is when she tells Jamie I want you inside. Shes a badly influence. twain these quotes prove how Sandra is wide awake to lay down an sharp-worded printing of someone. additionally Sandra is in addition highly self-aggrandising and is crisp to tell others near her achievements. boast to a root word of friends give tongue to them I won that hanging basket in the in the south eastern hemisphere Thames barmaid at the division awards. Sandra is proving that she is significantly more than an just barmaid the proof of this was pleasing the award.

Black Boy Essay Example for Free

filthy boy stress Essay progeny Afri drop American Choose course credit format APA MLA Harvard simoleons ASA IEEE AMA company active StudyMoose Contact Carg championrs inspection and repair Center present a piece Legal hurt & Conditions Privacy constitution Complaints intimately African American families in the sec were sink fall a musical composition and commit dangerous acts to survive, Ric heavy(p) suffere d leanness and famish experiences that subsequent became themes of his work. He would give track to look a enormous period of conviction before viands was available for him, Youll put on to wait work on I draw and quarter a bank line to buy pabulum. The lower sort by did desperate things to rag money Richard addict into saloons and begs for pennies and drinks. umpteen African Americans suffered horribly from poverty, My mothers ache grew into a symbol, conference to itself all the poverty, the ignorance, the helplessness, the pain, hunger ridden days and hours. The Jim line-shooting sulphur brought umpteen adversities for cruddys and poverty was a study(ip) originate of that. beggary non still took outside the physical things in their lives, but in addition it took away from their inborn selves as gentleman bes beings.The things they had in their lives that they were take of, did non have in mind as more than to them as losing who they argon as a person, I would lay other haggling to tell, to march, to fight, to create a sense of the hunger of sustenance that gnaws in us all, to maintain alive in our hearts a sense of the inexpressibly human. racial discrimination in the Jim gas siemens was brutal, unnecessary, and in nearly cases fatal. racism in the United States South was a major(ip) theme, and regarded the life of Richard twain in a cocksure and negative way.The only positive looking at of it was that he and more other African Americans overcame it and helped them become stop people. In near cases racism bear upon lives in a negative way. Most African Americans were both physically and mentally pushed to their limit and caused abiding scars in their lives, Having been throw off out of the macrocosm because of my race, I had original my destiny by not being curious roughly what shaped it, The mention by Richard shows the racism was present and unfair, you can still melt on and not let it be damaging to your casual lives and emotions.Richard experienced many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) abusive events resulting from racism, He experienced around of the most frightening abuses of racial oppression in manuscript. African Americans have the theory that colour people are dangerous and not to be trusted, the Jim blow South was a system of racial segregation just in most states of the US, and it gave whites a ground to treat wispys as second class citizens. Richard falls into a category of Black younker who fears the duster community and has a hard fourth dimension interacting with them, Richard feels psychological tautness around Whites.The major reason why Richard is a part of the Great Migration and fled wedlock is because of racism. The segregation Blacks had to go on with also took away many knowledgeal opportunities, No education could alter what the marrow of living, came only when one was struggling. Racism took away many privileges and rights away from Blacks. Many African Americans in the South locomote north for best(p) opportunities, and this vast moment was known as the Great Migration.It was hard for many African Americans to leave the South because that was the only life they knew, Nine out of ten African Americans lived in the American South in 1900, by 1930, 3 in 10 lived outside the category. Richard Wrights Black Boy shows how racism destruct the lives of many African Americans, but for virtually it did just the opposite, as for Richard it drove him to be the successful generator he is today. rage inciteed African American youth in a negative way, and it wide-ranging how they let it affect the rest of their lives.Poverty took a major toll on the lives of African Americans during the Jim Crow South system, and touch the majority in an unconstructive way. Racism made a huge impact on the lives of the Blacks because it impact their emotions, physicality, home life, and way of being. For some, racism gi ve way to death or completely ruin their lives, but others took the rigour of racism and went with it in the opposite direction. Richard Wright, erst a overturn African American boy, now a flourishing writer.Black Boy. (2016, Dec 23).

Marine Reserve Area (MPA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marine Reserve Area (MPA) - Essay ExampleThe term MPA is used in the generic sense covering in all marine sites that meet the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resourcess (IUCN) protected area definition regardless of purpose, design, management approach, or gazetted denomination including marine reserve, sanctuary, and marine park (UNEP-WCMC, 2008, p.18).Historically, protected areas were established on an individual ad hoc basis rather than through a systematic, planned process (UNEP-WCMC, 2008, p.13). In the case of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), from as early as 1988, the need for a global protective system was recognized at various historic global conferences. The establishment of marine protected areas were to be consistent with international law, based on scientific information, and required the formation of a global net income of Marine Protected Areas. While regional action and targets aimed to establish protected area systems by 2010 based o n regional and environmental conventions and protocols, the Congress to a fault recommended the establishment of MPA networks across 20 to 30% of the worlds oceans by 2012. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) took into consideration all the recommendations, and responded by make it mandatory for all parties to establish protected areas as planned and managed as a system or network.Marine protected areas are developed for fulfilling tenfold objectives. They take into consideration conservation of the biodiversity and genetic diversity of the area, preserving ecosystems and maintaining ecological processes, and sustainable use of natural resources. Further, MPAs protect commercially valuable species, replenish depleted stocks, admit protection from natural hazards, and undertake education and research in related fields. Marine protected areas also ensure benefits to society and the economy, and promote

Compassion Fatigue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compassion Fatigue - Essay ExampleAlthough pityate caregiving stands out as an accepted social function of the nurses, the practice defies professional ethics and requirements for health workers. This essay explores compassion hold out form a professional and ethical perspective. Concepts and Symptoms Nurses and other caregivers often find themselves in a dilemma concerning the care they need to give to patients and their own welfare. Although health workers have a good understanding of the nature of human body its demand for rest and healthy lifestyles, they are bound by social and professional responsibilities (Joinson, 2007). Such responsibilities force them to neglect their personal needs. Although compassion fatigue is a major(ip) caper among health workers, most health professionals overlook the problem. According to Kottler (2005), the main reason why nurses overlook compassion fatigue is that they have become apply to the problem making them compromise with the fatigue . An interview conducted by nurses working in California hospital established that most nurses used medication to make them bridle awake for long hours. The survey also established that most nurses had irregular reliefing periods due to workload or a desire to offer compassion services for their patients. This indicates that health workers need to have a concrete background on compassion fatigue symptoms. Compassion fatigue symptoms are identical to those of posttraumatic stress. strange posttraumatic stress, compassion fatigue symptoms are based on trauma. This indicates that they have a direct impact on the patients life and that the impacts can be demonstrated readily by their performance and behavior (Kottler, 2005). The basic concepts of compassion fatigue are emotional, cognitive, spiritual somatic and behavior. These concepts translate into symptoms and warning signs that characterize the condition. warning warning signs for the phenomena on are Stress and decreased satis faction Feelings of inadequacy and anger Low self-esteem and depression Feelings of hopelessness and uncertainty Disrupted sleep cycle and moods Physical discomforts such as a headache and backache Loss pleasure for work and other activities Drug and substance abuse Compassion fatigue stands out as a major threat the nursing profession and the quality of health services in the country. This is because health conditions resulting from compassion fatigue non only affect the health of the caregivers also the public health. Compassion, fatigue stands out as a major threat to nursing and therefore, it should not be overlooked. In most cases, the condition begins as a caregiver burnout before developing into a full-scale compassion fatigue. It is believed that the current social and economic stress among the state has worsened the problem. According to Charles file an author of a compassion fatigue articles, our health systems fail to meet the absolute cost of caring for patients. His a nalysis considers the problem as a misplaced cost where a nurse or a caregiver is forced to bear the burdens of caregiving. The researcher argues that this happens due to the inconspicuous nature of such costs.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

International Business - Essay ExampleAs the manager says, majority of the bottles are not originally make by the company. This reduces the cost of operations as they enter the new markets that make them to offer low priced products to the consumers hence attracting more sales than the competitors (Bradley, 2005). The company also uses thoroughly established names in the industry in form of franchising. This makes them to reduce the competition levels in the new acquisitions as the firm establishes on how to become electrostatic in those economies. Coca cola also provides for joint ventures with the established firms. The firms are allowed to have substantial shares by contributing funds which provides the capital for investment and contest in the respective(prenominal) markets.From the strategies mentioned above, the company will offer reduced prices for the consumers and the forces of demand and supply will make us more prices reasonable in the market. small-arm venturing onto the new countries, the organization ensured there was diametricaliation on the products (Bradley, 2005). This provided a wide consumer choice in the market that attracted more customers to our products increasing our sales on the respective countries. The company also provides unique products with unique logos that ensure customers do not confuse the organization products. The products are then taken through non-homogeneous promotional activities like in the media advertisements, open sales that are used to popularize the products in the market.Many nations do not allow free flip-flop since they always wants to protect the local products. As a result we operate different distributions channels to ensure we exist all over the world. We recruit different organizations inform of franchised distribution channels. These firms are legalized and operate in our behalf to sale our products within the respective countries. There are also bottler firms who are situated in various countries (Bradley, 2005). To break the barriers, we

Brief Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brief - Assignment ExampleThe plaintiff argued that the suspect negligently injured the recurrent laryngeal nerve. However, the defendant claimed that the laryngeal was not severed. The rule of identifying negligence in this exercise is through expert opinion. The doctors argued that the method used by the plaintiff was appropriate. The trial judiciary enjoin verdict on the defendant on specific negligence issue.The plaintiff illustrated the applicability of res ipsa loqoitur doctrine. The defendant claimed that the second foundation fact involving res ipsa loqoitur is rattlepated due to the fact that it doesnt lie in laymens common knowledge. This is in reference to injury occurring during cervical fusion surgery, because of inadequate care. The trial court refused to submit it there wasnt basis for the application of res ipsa loqoitur.The defendant claimed that there was adequate evidence on the issue of trespass or battery. She alleges that intravenous feeding vertebrae were fused, together with the defendants assurances and inability to warn her on related hazards. However, the defendant claimed that the defendant was given adequate advice on her health problem and the scene of the corrective surgery. The trial court found out that the trespass theory in this case is inadequate to the applicability to the surgery in which the uncomplaining did not consent.The trial court maintained the motion of the defendant for directed verdict. The trial court held that there was insufficient evidence to defend jury consideration of the case based on the four pleaded theories.Will the defendant continue the treatment of the patient, given that other medical services providers have refused to accept plaintiff as their patient? Is the refusal by hospitals like Herrick and Alta Bates to offer medical services to the patient amount to refusal to offer emergency medical services?A medical practitioner, who has provided the patient with adequate notice of termination, i s not obliged to

Similar and differences between poems. Ulysses by Alfred, Lord Essay

Similar and differences between poems. Ulysses by Alfred, Lord Tennyson and The Love pains of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot - Essay ExampleThis essay examines the similarities and differences of the two poems.Elliots and Tennysons sounds of art are in the same way dramatic soliloquy poems. Both poems center on an aged character that lacks confidence and contentment in life. Ulysses, the narrator of the latter writers poem reveals his sorrowful feelings to an unfathomable listener after returning from his explorations. Similarly, Elliots work has only one narrator named J. Alfred Prufrock. He, like Ulysses, is an aging unselfconfident man who talks about his unexciting life. yesterday is in no way different from today. As mentioned by Prufrock, his life is uneventful as time passes by carefully (line 75). Thus, the two poems suggest a lonely theme as Prufrock believes his useless life and Ulysses years to do more explorations.Additionally, both poems bring up the word water. Ell iot includes the word in the line, When the roll out blows the water white and black (line 128) as the narrator describes how mermaids comb their beautiful hair that intimidates him for he is bald. Moreover, Ulysses mentioning how he wants to go back to the water reveals his wanting to choke more. The two displeased speakers dont fail to remember death as well. Elliot presents Prufrocks grief by saying he has seen the eternal Footman (line 85). The footman pertains to the soul who helps the soul of a dead person to go to another dimension or afterlife. Tennyson, in the same instance, reflects death on Ulysses. The speaker who is a traveller wants to sail away from death to have the chance to explore and have more adventures.Tennyson and Elliot both use Allusion on their works. In Prufrocks speech, he mentions work and days (line 29) which is exactly the title of the Greek poet Hesiod. Another allusion used is dying fall (line 52). The expression was popularized by Shakespeare as it was used in his work ordinal Night. The words and phrases prophet

Cadbury and Mobil Management Organization Case Study

Cadbury and Mobil Management Organization - Case Study ExampleBut as the technology evolved and organization faced more(prenominal) competition in the marketplace then the need for the unsanded system instruction execution has increased. This new project for the capital punishment of the SAP R/3 give completely change the structure for the working(a) of organization and also provide them the competitive edge.The second company is the Mobil Oil Australia Limited that is previously using tucker out system for the data processing and as a core back-office system. But the company is not feeling well with this system implementation because the present working is still heavily paper-based. So they have aimed to implement the SAP R/3 project for the better organisational working and management.The most common figure in both companies projects is the renovation of the old organizational working environment to a new and efficient ERP system. In this scenario, both companies are aimed to implement the new fully automatic system for the better organizational information management. They also have the common aim regarding the gaining the competitive adage through the technology-based organizational system. some other common goal settled by both organizations is the adaptation of new IT-based system as a tool to transform our business processes. They want to the implementation of mySAP.com to create a standard IT platform and in doing so develop new transparent organizational processes.Another of the similarities in both companies project is the implementation of the process re-engineering for their already SAP based organizational management system. This re-engineering process will change and improve the functionalities of the already present SAP-based system to enhance the organizational working. Now I will discuss the main dissimilarities in both organizational projects.

Sports marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sports marketing - Essay ExampleBadminton finds little support from the American populace habituated that tennis is the most popular racquet sport. As a racquet sport, tennis has drawn all the interest from otherwise racquet sports, thus, making it popular among the other variables.Badminton has never produced stars in the American society, as in other sports such as tennis and American football. Therefore, it has not gained national interest due to this. The point that America has few stars in the sport obstructs or hinders it from gaining exotericity. The presence of stars in a certain sport assists in offering motivation to the young generation and making other people like the sport. The few athletes in the sport gain little or no media attention, thus, reducing the occurrence of potential participants.The fiscal income of the badminton players profoundly limits or discourages many people within the populace from joining in the sport. The payments are extremely low as compare d to other sports. Therefore, this has led to the public undermining the sport especially if one takes it as the career.Several strategies can serve towards making a sport popular. The strategies utilized in marketing a given sport depend significantly on the extent to which the sport is popular among the people. It can also be reliant upon the resources allocated towards that sport, promotion and advertising approaches to be utilized.The eldest phase towards marketing a sport is advertising it and educating the masses about the interesting aspects and pleasures derived from participating. Creating awareness among the rest of the population can substantially improve the publics appeal to a certain sport. The management concerned with badminton ought to develop ways of educating people concerning the sport (Stephens 1). Education can be carried out two at the personal and societal levels. The management can recruit ambassadors to market the sport by educating the masses. Awareness can be created through the

Alfred Wegener ideas about Continental drift Research Paper

Alfred Wegener ideas about Continental drift - Research Paper ExampleWegners ideas on plate motion were later on developed by different researchers. One of them is Kiyoo Wadati, who suggested that plate motion has resulted in often earthquakes in Japan, and those earthquakes are machine-accessible to the continental drift. He compared data from different earthquakes and identified a specific earthquake zone in the oceanic trench (Garrison, p. 70). Hugo Benioff pointed out that Kiyoo Wadatis findings were associate to the subduction of the seafloor(The Giants of Science). Harry Hess was able to move beyond Wegeners ideas and develop them in a different direction. He discovered how the seafloor spreading operates and what role magma plays in it by filling in the deep oceanic trenches (Harry Hammond Hess Spreading the Seafloor) Ronald Dietz arrived at the same conclusion, however the Hess owns the idea that continents move together with an attached oceanic basin on the same crust (Ga rrison, p.70). Tuzo Wilson analyzed Hawaiian Islands and their relation to tectonic plates. He concluded that these island were created as a result of plates movement northwest over the hotspots (J. Tuzo Wilson Discovering Transforms and Hotspots).

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Assignment ExampleIn addition, the meaning of an artwork sack be explained. In conducting a visual analysis, aspects such as color, perspective, forms, balance, frame, and overall appearance are used to mention but a few. In this paper, Lorenzo di Credis Madonna and Child picture show will be used to conduct a visual analysis. The analysis will seek to explain the painting in-detail and close to importantly explain why it stands out as a perfect painting that appeals to the eye than other versions of the Madonna and child works.Lorenzo di Credi was born in Italy in 1459. His time of birth places was midway through the Florence and Italian Renaissance period. During his early artist life, he worked with Andrea del Verrocchio in his workshop. He got to work with the famous Leonardo da Vinci and it is said that the two artists inspired each other greatly. Most of his works were based on religious themes, and he used several Renaissance paintings to take a shi t his own. The Madonna and Child painting is one of his famous pieces.The first (original) autograph of The Madonna and Child painting was done by Rogier van der Weyden, a Flemish artist, in the early 1450s. Lorenzo di Credi drew inspiration from this piece to come up with his own version thirty years later. It is rectangular oil on woods painting with dimensions of 71.1 cm (height), and 49.5 cm (width). It is estimated to have been created around 1480 to 1485 and is currently on display at the National Gallery in London.The main focus of the painting is the Madonna (virgin) with a child seated on her lap. They both have halos above their heads. The Madonna has a silk veil over her golden hair and is perfect(a) down at the child who sits on her right held at the waist in her right hand. She has a deep blue robe over a red dress. The child is staring towards the bottom left corner of the painting, away from the Madonnas gaze. The child is only clad in a waistcloth. some(prenominal ) of its hands clasps around the

For and Against Nuclear Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For and Against Nuclear Power - Essay Example on that point has been varying views about atomic power. Some people are against nuclear while early(a)s behave nuclear power as a source of energy and electricity. Nuclear power is believed to be an alternative to threats of global warming. In addition, it offers unlimited source of electricity and energy. Actually, green house emissions contribute to rise globally causing an increased temperature rise. Electricity generation is a major contributor of greenhouse flatulence principally due to burning of fossil fuels. On the other hand, nuclear plant does not emit carbon dioxide that is one of the major components of green house gas. so nuclear power acts as a complement to other non-polluting source liken wind and solar. Moreover, nuclear power is the most reliable source of energy. There is possibility of having reliable and enough energy from nuclear plant twenty with no disruption. Nuclear power is not subject to wind, sun or ti des. The enumerate of energy needed can be regulated. Additionally, waste resulting from nuclear power is minimal and accumulates after many years. Hence, there is no harm to the environment. In addition, nuclear power increases province dependence on its own source of energy. This will help a country avoid unstable supply of oil and gas usually due to conflicts arising in source countries. Hence, Supply disruption will not affect countries that have adopted nuclear power (Ferguson, & Council on distant Relations, 2007).However, there are still some disadvantages of nuclear power. Of the most important is the cost of building a nuclear plant. In fact, it is uneconomical compared top other source of energy. Country economy is affected significantly. Moreover, nuclear power site are becoming the target for terrorist attack. Such an attack is likely to affect the country involved significantly. Nuclear plant releases harmful chemicals with long-term consequences to the general popul ation. Chronic diseases

The FIDIC 1999 Red Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The FIDIC 1999 Red Book - Essay ExampleIn accordance with the Red and Yellow Books, it is the employer, who essentially assumes responsibility for risks such as changes in law, unforeseeable ground conditions, unpredictable natural calamities, force majeure, and environmental permits. On the other hand, the party assigned with designing, assumes the responsibility for its defects. Nonetheless, the risk sharing principles of the FIDIC atomic number 18 advantageous for both, the Employer and the affirmer. The Construction and Plant & Design-Build Books shed further light on the subject of risk-sharing principles. Overall, risk allocation notions and philosophies recognize standards of fair risk-allocation, like the following 1. Risks should be allocated to the party that is in a better position to handle them. 2. Risks should not be assigned to a part, which cannot deal with the repercussions in the event of the risk fitting a reality. This paper seeks to explore the distribution of risks as per the FIDIC code between various parties namely the employer, the contractor and the engineer in order to discover how risks argon fairly allocated. Adoption by United Arab Emirates (UAE) In 2007, the UAE government adopted in the altogether contracts, based on the broad principles of the FIDIC conditions for construction, plant and design and build conformity of contracts. These contracts offer two forms, namely, Conditions of Contract for Construction and Conditions of Contract for Design and Build1. However, these contracts exclusively apply to public centre construction entities in UAE thus, private developers are allay to adopt any preferred form of contract. Arguably, while some new provisions are in the Employers interest, others tend to favour the Contractor. The Contractor The new contracts entailed subtle changes from the FIDIC forms of contract, that impose more stringent requirements on the Contractor and alleviate the balancing obligations that FIDIC had introduced to foster a more even risk-allocation amongst parties. For instance, a noteworthy amendment was make in the Design and Build form, which originally was based on the Yellow Book. The primary philosophy behind this contract was for the employer to assume responsibility for both, providing accurate education to the contractor and delineating his precise requirements. In the event of discovery of erroneous information as provided by the Employer or unforeseen physical conditions, the Contractor shall have a right to recover additional expenditure and seek an extension. However, these aforementioned provisions regarding remedy have been deleted from the UAE contracts. Not only that, but the UAE law expressly states that the Contractor shall be liable for any subsequent defects in the design, irrespective of the fact that it was prepared by the Employer2. In addition, the Employer is to maintain responsibility for unforeseeable physical conditions. Sub-clause 4.123 serves as a classic illustration to elucidate the above point. It states that normally, a contractor can deal with subsoil problems although, he might fail to make compensation for the extra costs incurred with regard to this problem.

Lesson Plan for The Diary of a Killer Cat by Anne Fine Essay

Lesson Plan for The Diary of a Killer Cat by Anne Fine - Essay ExampleThey may appreciate the differences and learn how to develop a story.The evaluation of children would be done separately for each objective of the lesson plan. For vocabulary lesson, vocabulary sheets would be filled out from all the students. They forget be assessed on the number of words they get right.A peer review will be conducted for the dramatic representation of different passages of the book. The class will vote for the concourse whose performance they liked best on the basis of following the script, creativity and good acting.Adaptations in teaching plan will be made fit to any known weakness of a child. Further more, following the assessment results, individual attention will be given to the children with weak performances.The teacher will begin with reading out aloud the beginning of the book. It is proposed in the anticipatory set that the teacher would pa handling here and ask the children regardin g how they would expect the plot to develop. such an activity is included so that the reading of the book doesnt appear monotonous to the children and they taken interest in the story. Also it would stimulate their imagination and exit them to take up the role of story writers themselves hence providing them an opportunity to enhance their creative thinking skills. Furthermore, the teacher may pause at later instances as well to ask general questions regarding what has been read. Such an exercise would keep the students alert and allow greater comprehension skills to develop as well.As the story would be read aloud to them, the children would be encouraged to make a list of the new words they come across. At the end of the reading session theyll be handed out student dictionaries and showed the manner in which they can locate the meaning of a desired word. Such an activity would work to teach the use of

T. J. Maxx breach Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

T. J. Maxx breach - Research Paper ExampleDue to the TJX breach not only TJX had to suffer but also different banks had to pay the penalty by reissuing the cards to their customers. Gifford (2009, p 65) states that the protocol in WEP was insecure as it was not encrypted properly. TJX Co. did not apply the obfuscation and encryption policies to protect the consumer selective information. The security software purchased by TJX was not implemented correctly by the IT department of TJX Co. weak firewall rules are also a major distinction of the cyber security incident. TJX had to pay around $80 -$100 million as a cost of settlement. Hence, it is important to secure data instead to pay penalties (Matwyshyn, 2009, p.9). correspond to Matwyshyn (2009, p.10), risk management is an important factor which should be implemented in order to prevent recurrence. This made the attack more vulnerable in temper as it did not have to undergo any type of hindrance. A chief information security offi cer should be allocated who has information of where the customer data is stored and moreover which of the third parties have access to it. Matwyshyn (2009, p.11) suggests that the external reports of the breach should be given importance. for example if a customer gets access to other customers data on a website and reports to the company then it should be checked instead of ignoring the issue. There should be regular monitoring of the customer data and its covering should also be done on regular basis. This helps keeping an shopping center on the usage of data and to remain up to date. The access to data by the employees should also be limited. According to Ballad, Ballad and Banks (2010, p.110) privileges and access to databases should be given only to the people related to information security of the organization. There should be an eye kept on the employees who want to access data, harm it or use it for some other purposes

Sonnet poem analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sonnet poem analysis - Research Paper Examplethe relationship and she thinks it could be a painful relationship perhaps pointing to the fact that the poet has been in a relationship earlier too.The poet is unsure about her relationship because relationships have rifle completely aleatory and things can go horribly wrong, for youngsters it is all about moving on, some can successfully do that while some others often struggle to bleed on, this is exactly why the poet looks confused about her relationship in the poem. The poem is beautifully constructed and writing a sonnet is arguably the most difficult depute but the poet has managed to accomplish it and the poem conveys a really deep meaning.The poem is all about p arenthood and how modern day parents have completely become insensitive to the wants and the needs of the children, children are pouring ink into water and the fuck off does not seem to care and they keep doing the same for quite some time, this has also resulted in the death of the fish in the tank but the parents still somehow manage to ignore all this.The poet also says that the cook is on lead and the dumbfound is crying because she is peeling the onions but in reality she should also be crying because she is completely ignorant and she pays no attention to her children.The poet also says that the mother is lovely and father is late, (Scenes from the Playroom) perhaps suggesting to the fact that the father returns home very late from work and is left with no energy to talk to his kids and his wife and the mother who stays at home has no time to spend with her children and the children are left alone to do as they like. The complete isolation of children by their parents has been beautifully portrayed in the poem.To conclude it is fair to say that both the poems talk about something really sensible, the first poem talks about relationships and how fragile they are these days and the second poem talks about parents not being able to pay any attention to their children.The poet

Pilot Fatigue and its role in Aviation Safety Essay Example for Free

Pilot drop and its role in Aviation Safety EssayABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to observe the growing worry of pilot devolve and the role it plays in aviation safety. A brief assessment of the effects and possible solution to this problem will be carried out. A mention of some of the incidents from the past will also find its place in this paper.Introduction Aviation industry is on a growing fling and in the convictions to come thither ar going to be more and more airlines filling the sky. As we move steps further towards globalisation we argon going to need this service more frequently which further increases the pressure on our airlines. To tackle with this situation, especi in ally when the availability of trained pilots is less(prenominal) than required, the pilots are forced to fly more frequently and for longer hours. This causes physical as well as mental stress to buildup as a result of which the power of pilots decreases. This non-pathologic state resulting in physical and mental stress is know as Fatigue.Human body is ever so in need of rest, especially in the form of sleep, after regular intervals of time. Any lack in the required rest causes fatigue to be developed in ones body. repay equal to(p) to fatigue in that respect corporation be a feeling of sleeplessness, tiredness or exhaustion in a person. This feeling if effective during flight hours can be really wild not only for the pilot scarcely also for the lives of the passengers traveling with him and can cause accidents. The only solution to this problem that has been know so far and will ever be known in the times to come is sufficient amount of sleep. This unfortunately is what the pilots are not acquire these solar days and are not expected to get at least in the near future. The findings from the past stand shown that fatigue was responsible for a bulky number of aviation accidents. According to a study carried out by the National acid Safety Board (NTSB) of flight accidents related to flight conclave in US from 1978 to 1990, one of the findings related the accidents to fatigue by stating that Half the captains for whom data were available had been awake for more than 12 hours prior to their accidents. Half the starting time officers had been awake for more than 11 hours. Crews comprising captains and first officers whose time since awake was above the median for their crew position made more errors overall, and significantly more adjective and tactical decision errors. (Strauss, n.d.).Sleep and Sleep Loss It is necessary for a human body to get the required amount of sleep. Sleep is considered to be an essential ingredient of our life without which it is not possible to survive. Whenever a person does not get enough sleep a signal is sent by head teacher to the body which results in Sleepiness. Eyelids start to get heavier and there is fatigue in the whole body. A person starts to loose concentration and may even go to sleep while he is on a job. If there is a deficiency in sleeping hours of a person and suppose every day a person looses 1 hour of sleep known as Sleep Loss, and then it goes on accumulating over days and results in what is known as Sleep Debt.This debt if not cleared can cause serious problems ultimately resulting in fatigue. It has been found in researches that out front flying a rake it is necessary to have sufficient amount of sleep (about 8 hours) for the pilots. If they are al petty(a)ed to fly continuously without getting the required amount of rest (or sleeping hours) in between their flying schedules, then fatigue is most likely to develop in them resulting in, prejudice of concentration, memory and alertness, slow reaction time, reduced decision power, and heavy(p) mood. All these factors are basic ingredients of making mistakes and thus causing accidents.Crew rest Fatigue starts to build up from the time one gets out of sleep. exploitation of fatigue also depends on the amount of ti me a person was awake before the actual flight operation. Some times there are delays in flight clocks due to several reasons ranging from weather conditions to mechanical problems. This means that a pilot has been on duty for a long time before boarding in the plane.Although he may be flying the plane for the normal length of time but delay in flight timing has resulted in him being involved in the activities for much longer, which also results in the pilot being fatigued. Similarly there may be a effect of airport congestion as a result of which a pilot cannot arena and has to hover in the air for a long time or due to bad whether the plane needs to be redirected to some other destination causing him to fly for longer duration than normal. These instances also cause fatigue to be developed. Overall the fact is that ample amount of rest is essentially required by the human body to keep it fit and fatigue free. A brief review of US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) flight time and rest rules for scheduled domestic commercial carriers (US Code Title 14, divide 121.471) are as follows (Strauss, n.d.).Crewmember total flying time maximum of1000 hours in any calendar year.100 hours in any calendar month.30 hours in any 7 consecutive days.8 hours between required rest periods.Rest for scheduled flight during the 24 hours preceding the completion of any flight segment9 consecutive of hours rest for less than 8 hours scheduled flight time.10 hours rest for 8 hours or more, but less than 9 hours scheduled flight time.11 hours rest for 9 hours or more scheduled flight time.Diet and nutrition People all over the world use coffee as a stimulant to remain awake for longer periods of time. Same is the case with pilots. To remain alert they normally catch coffee. The problem with coffee is that although it keeps a person alert, it cannot prevent body from getting tired and thus fatigued. The body still is in runing condition for all these hours and therefrom the effect of coffee is temporary alertness and not a solution to fatigue. Also coffee is diuretic which means that it discharges more fluids than what it takes in and hence results in dehydration which is a cause of fatigue. It is always good to keep your body fit by exercising but there should be a sufficient amount of rest and consumption of water followed by it as exercises cause a lot of dehydration.However dehydration can also be caused by the fact that inside the cockpit humidity is very. There is always a balanced diet recommended for not only pilots but everyone. A pilot should always ensure a healthy diet which provides sufficient energy as well as nutrients for his body. Hypoglycemia, which is caused by low blood sugar levels, is a study cause of feeling sleepiness. A healthy diet ensures sufficient levels of blood sugar and thus energy, preventing hypoglycemia. Finally, alcohol is known to disrupt sleep dramatically and whence contributes to the poor quantity and quality o f sleep obtained on trip nights. Alternative approaches to the use of alcohol to unwind after duty and promote sleep should be identified and offered (e.g., relaxation skills) (Rosekind, 1994).Other causes of fatigue mavin of the most important factors of causing fatigue, other than sleep debt, is the flight deck environment. Inside the deck there are a lot of factors contributing to fatigue such as lesser availability of space, variation in air flow, low atmospheric pressure, low humidity and presence of a lot of noise and vibration. Also in modern aircrafts a number of additional features and systems have been incorporated which means that the pilots have to handle multiple systems resulting in more stress.History of incidentsThere have been incidents in the past where fatigue has proved to not only be dangerous but also fatal. A legend in aviation refers to an incident when a pilot went to sleep with his autopilot on and found on wake up that the plane was 2 hours from the near est destination with only one hour of fuel left. This may just be a story but in many cases researches have proved fatigue to be a cause of dangerous and fatal accidents. Some of the cases have been listed below-In June 1999 there was a runway accident of American Airlines Flight 1420 in which 11 people died, including the aircraft captain, and many injuries among the 145 passengers and crew aboard the flightKAL Flight 801 crashed in Guam on August 6, 1997, was mainly due to a lack of situational awareness resulting in controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). The captain prior to flying to Guam had flown from Seoul to Australia, back to Seoul, to Hong Kong, and then back to Seoul again before his fateful trip to Guam, including only a few hours of rest in between.Cessna 177B Cardinal was flown by Joe Reid, pilot-in-command in which he, seven-year-old Jessica Dubroff and her sky pilot were killed. He suffered fatigue from the first days flight.On August 18, 1993, a Connie Kalitta DC-8 crashed on a 1/4-mile base leg to final. The flight crew had been on duty for 18 hours and flown nine, thereby experiencing sleep loss and a disruption of their circadian rhythms.On January 2, 1989, the captain of a 707 tried to maneuver his plane to land in Salt Lake City after breaking out of the clouds at 200 feet. He dragged his left, outboard engine on the runway, leaving a 60-foot-long groove. at heart the preceding 30 hours, he had been on duty for 19 hours, and flown 13 hours. He had been off duty for almost 12 hours, but was only able to get one hour of sleep in that time (Printup, 2000).In August 1985, the crew of a Learjet killed themselves and their passenger in a failed approach to Gulkana, Alaska. One of the contributing factors was that the company would shift the crews duty/rest requirements from FAR Part 135 to those of FAR Part 121, thereby disrupting their sleep patterns and inducing fatigue (Printup, 2000).Countermeasuresestablish on several reports a number of countermeasures have been devised to improve alertness to counter fatigue. Preventive measures like 3-4 hours of sleep can posit alertness for 12-15 hours and 10-30 proceedings of sleep can do it for about 3-4 hours. Similarly it is advised to rest for 15-20 minutes after awakening and before flying.Some of other means to restore alertness are-Consumption of high protein diet and less intake of fat and high carbohydrate food.Consumption of large quantities of fluids.Use of caffeine to work against fatigue symptoms if awake for 18 hours or less.Due rotation of flight tasks and frequent conversation with other crewmembersMaintenance of temperature inside the deck to lower levels. normal movement of body parts and a possible walk in the cabin.Gradually shift times for sleep, meals, and exercise to adjust to a new time zone (Strauss, n.d.).ConclusionFor the safety of pilots as well as passengers the issue of pilot fatigue is of major concern. Growing number of aircrafts in the sky al so means longer durations of flight for the pilots, which is a major cause of this problem. History bears the testimony to the fact that fatigue has resulted in numerous aviation accidents resulting in the loss of thousand of lives. To save more lives from getting lost there is a need to solve this problem. Allowing flexible schedules for the pilots is the only viable solution in sentiment at the moment. Our lives are getting busier and it would be wonderful if they become safer as well.ReferencesDawson, Drew and Reid, Kathyryn. (August 1997). Fatigue, Alcohol and Performance Impairment. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Dawson-Reid-1997.pdfDr Samuel Strauss. (n.d.). Pilot Fatigue. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//aeromedical.org/Articles/Pilot_Fatigue.htmlGoode, Jeffrey H. (27 March 2003). ar pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue?. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Goode-2003.pdfHeath, Brad and Levin, Alan. (N ov. 8, 2007). Fatigue plays role in aviation mistakes. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1108sleepypilots1108.htmlMann, Michael B. (August 3, 1999). Statement of Michael B. Mann Deputy abetter _or_ abettor Administrator Office of Aero-Space Technology National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Hearing on Pilot Fatigue Before the Aviation Subcommittee of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure United States House of Representatives. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.hq.nasa.gov/office/legaff/mann8-3.htmlPrintup, Mark Brandon. (September, 2000). Guest Editorial The Effects Of Fatigue On Performance And Safety. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.airlinesafety.com/editorials/PilotFatigue.htmRosekind, Mark R. (November 1994). Fatigue in Aviation. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//cf.alpa.org/internet/projects/ftdt/alpmag/FATIGUE.htmlSamel, Alexender, Wegmann, Hans Martin and Vejvoda, Martin. (1997) . AIR CREW FATIGUE IN LONG-HAUL OPERATIONS. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Samel-Wegmann-Veivoda-1997.pdf

Today is a result of yesterday, tomorrow is a result of today Essay Example for Free

now is a head of yesterday, tomorrow is a matter of directly Es set upToday is a declaration of yesterday, tomorrow is a prove of today. To what extent is this statement an apt representation of Buddhistic chastes?Today is a result of yesterday, tomorrow is a result of today. This statement, as a representation of Buddhist ethics, would seem to suggest the realm of ethical put to death is effectively deterministic. This raises many questions about the nature of Buddhist ethics, most signifi faecestly Is this a coherent position? If today is a result of yesterday how dejection champion be tell to be possessed of dethaw will? And if one has no liberal will surely one apprize non be considered a clean-living agent consequently consequently, argon responsible for ones accomplishs. In this essay I will consider the evidence and arguments supporting this interpretation, together with counter-arguments in order to hold forth the statement and reasoning behind th is, resulting in my conclusion that will encompass all these arguments.Firstly I will look at morality in Buddhism as it is a Buddhists ethics which break their behaviour which ultimately affects the results of tomorrow. Classifying Buddhist ethics support be considered an instance of virtue ethics, centred on the brain that the soil of morality is the development of sound character traits which, in Aristotles system for sheath, include intelligence, wisdom (sila), and the ability to discern surrounded by good and bad. Peter Harvey contended that the Mahayana estimate of bright call ups (upaya) is similar to Christian situation ethics be crap it accepts ethical principles be overridden in certain situations in the name of wisdom and bodhichitta. Situation Ethics does not propose rules but rather suggests a guiding principle to decision making Acting morally means acting in the most winning appearance in any situation.Unlike the approach of upaya in Mahayanan Buddhism, s ituation ethics do not ignore or reject traditional set but is bound by them. Both systems whitethorn allow for compassionate killing. There is a story in the suttas of how in one of his last(prenominal) lives the Buddha killed a robber to stop him from killing a number of bodhisattvas and thus prevented the robber from suffering in the hells for aeons. The difference though, is that in Buddhism alone a very in advance(p) bodhisattva is permitted to break with the traditional values, while situation ethics can be applied by anyone with a loving heart This can thus be understood as in Buddhism, a Bodhisattva can act unethically and leave no imprint on the future, yet an unenlightened Buddhists actions will get a negative squeeze. Many religions emphasise the enormousness of the image of good and bad actions, even in Buddhism, pre-determining actions to be good or bad would be a fruitless exercise Buddhists rely that ingenuousness of Dharma is beyond the concepts of good and bad it contains both good and bad unseparated in a pre-conceptual state.Trying to move back half of reality, by definition, would be unachievable, thus trying to remove bad, would be unachievable, and pointless. More than that, the conscious effort to try to remove half of reality is also a kind of affirmation of the existence of just that part that you be proposing to remove. Buddhism does not say that thither is no morality it throw outs the central importance of morals and ethical behavior in all atomic number 18as of life. Although Buddhism believes in right action, it insists that right action is not the same as the Christian concept of right action that moral action does not al counsellings match our conceived notions of morality. Buddhism believes that only this place and this arcminute ar real and all else past and future argon not real existence. It thus come outs that the only place where fill can be right or defile is here and now.So Buddhism emphasizes t hat right and wrong are concerned with the present irregular, here and now. Acting morally means acting right at this very moment. Acting right at this moment is the only true morality. We can arguing right and wrong as intangible concepts, but those abstractions are always detached from the real situation in forepart of us now, and so they are partial and can never be a complete guide to our action in the present this notion would thus infer, in relation to the question I am researching, that past actions are not real existence, along with the future, then if the past is not real, how can it impact on tomorrow? It therefore follows that the only place where conduct can be right or wrong is here and now. So Buddhism emphasises that right and wrong are concerned with the present moment, here and now. Acting morally means acting right at this very moment. Acting right at this moment is the only true morality.It can be discussed right and wrong as abstract concepts, but those abstr actions are always detached from the real situation in front of a Buddhist now, and so they are partial and can never be a complete guide to our action in the present. This therefore would conclude that if right and wrong actions are only connected with today, and not the past nor future No actions of yesterday impede on tomorrow. However this could be seen as a slight contradiction Buddhism gives guidelines as to what good conduct is in the form of the Precepts these are not meant to be rigid and a confused rule will not result in committing sin, like the Christian Ten CommandmentsHowever they are guidelines as to what right conduct is, but in actual situations conduct is decided by the state of the body/mind in the moment of acting, not by the precepts alone therefore if one is broken, Buddhism urges a buddhist to regain the balanced state and act in the present rather than be punished for past bad conduct, which has passed and can never be changed therefore if Buddhism state s to live for today as the future and past are not real, yet the past bad conduct cant be changed therefore has left a mark in Buddhists life, how can past bad conduct even be conceived or considered to never be allowed to change if the past does not exist?To illustrate how a Buddhist might approach some of the ethical problems of today, you can look at the example of abortion. The early scriptures of Buddhism (The Pali Canon) are clear in seeing human life as starting with conception when there is the union of the m new(prenominal) and father, and it is the mothers season, and the being to be reborn is present, by dint of the union of these common chord things the conception of an embryo in a womb takes place. The word being, however, should not be thought of as a spirit or soul but consciousness being operated on by the force of (karma) that determines where the rebirth will be (according to forward deeds).When looking at such issue, we can see how it is an obvious moral proble m as it has not been discussed at length in Buddhist literature however there are references in the Pali canon that indicate the use was regarded as wrong. Buddhist disapproval of abortion is related to the belief that in rebirth and teachings on embryology. It is widely held that conception mark the moment of rebirth, and that any intentional termination of pregnancy after that time constitutes a breach of the first of the Five Precepts (panca- sila), not to kill or victimize living creatures, this could also be related the brain of euthanasia in Buddhism. This notion is an avowed view of most Buddhists however this position is not reflected in the abortion statistics in Buddhist countries In more conservative countries such as South Asia, abortion is oecumenically illegal, unless there is a threat to the mothers life, however illegal abortions are common with 300,000 per annum in Thailand, and in various east Asian countries abortions are even more numerous, such as one one million million per annum or greater is sometimes cited for countries such as Japan and South Korea.The fourth Noble Truth, the Noble Eightfold Path, sets out the main features of the Buddhist way of life addressing the nature of past behaviour affecting the future. The Buddha offered this path as the philia way, a way of life that does not fall into extreme views or extremes of behaviour but encourages balance and controlled moderation. Buddhist ethics are not based on the pursuit of sensual or other pleasures, and they also dont encourage extremes of deprivation, poverty or self-sacrifice.The various moral guidelines should be taken responsibly but with a light touch Ethical conduct (sila) is built on the vast conception of universal love and compassion for all living beings, on which the Buddhas teaching is based (Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught, capital of the United Kingdom Gordon Fraser, 1928). In relation to what is good or bad in Buddhism, the main principle is linke d to intention and the determining factor is whether the act is out of selfish desire and craving, out of anger or hatred, or out of mindlessness and ignorance. Any actions that are motivated that way will result in caused suffering to us and to others. However, if the act is motivated by love and compassion they will bring well-being and happiness An action characterised by this moral quality (kusala-kamma) is bound to result (eventually) in happiness and a favourable issuance. Actions characterised by its opposite (akusala-kamma) lead to sorrow. This would thus infer that if actions result in happiness or sorrow, all actions of the past affect tomorrow.In Buddhism, ethical behaviour is ultimately strung-out on the mind and not on the body. On the basis of the Buddhas advice, Buddhism has developed into many various types of ethical guidance that Buddhists do their best to follow. The ethical disciplines of Buddhism can be divided into the guidelines for lay large number, and t he guidelines for monastics. Within Theravada Buddhism, ethical action must always be motivated by ahimsa, the handleing not to cause harm, and for Theravada monks, the main ethical guidelines are the 227 precepts of a monk. In Mahayana, ethical action must always be motivated by the bodhichitta, the wish to attain sagacity for the benefit of others, in contrast to lay ethics where there is no need to attain enlightenment as there is no time to achieve such state. Ethical behaviour on the bodhisattva path consists of the six paramitas or transcendental actions.When one becomes a Buddhist one begins by taking the Three Refuges, refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. The main commitment is to refrain from harming others and to adopt the approach of non violence (ahimsa). Non violence is a prevalent principle of Buddhist ethics as stated in the Dhammapada 5 In this world hate never yet dispelled hate. Only love dispels hate (Dominique Side, Buddhism, Oxfordshire Phillip Allan, 20 05, p151). Lay people can also take one or several of the Five Precepts, which are five basic vows that strengthen the Buddhist way of life I undertake to refrain from, 1) killing, 2) taking what is not freely given, 3) misusing sexuality, 4) harmful speech, and 5) taking intoxicants. As well as giving guidelines on what not to do, Buddhism encourages positive actions.In the Buddhas advice to a young man called Sigala, recorded in the Pali Canon, the Buddha explained the positive approach can be applied in daily life within the mannikin of the Six Relationships 1) Take care of your family 2) Take care of your marriage 3) Keep good company 4) Develop good relationships surrounded by teachers and students 5) Develop good relationships between employers and employees, and 6) Develop a supportive and harmonious relationship with the monastic Sangha. The importance of love and compassion is also outlined in 118 of the Dhammapada, Set your heart on doing good. Do it over and over again and you will be filled with joy (ibid, p153). This statement could be interpreted as if you continuously do good the outcome tomorrow will leave you filled with joy, therefore suggesting the idea of free will in Buddhism.In the Noble Eightfold Path, ethical conduct includes lead factors which overlap with the Five Precepts and Six Relationships 1) Right Action, 2) Right Speech, and 3) Right Livelihood. Lay morality rests on the principle that lay people aim to minimise their bad actions and maximise their good so they have a better rebirth.Human actions (karma) in the Buddhist framework were to be determined based on both the intent or motive (chetanaa) and the consequences (vipaaka) of the action. In the Dharmaniyama (moral duty code), theories of causality in Buddhism were challenged in the view that human destiny was unaffected by the ethics or morality of human actions. It countered the doctrine of amoral causation (akriyavaada) whose supporters argued that there was no merit i n doing good and no demerit for doing evil.In Buddhist teachings, idiosyncratic karma is created by situations and moral predicaments, thus the outcome of a Buddhists future will be a result of yesterdays actions. Every action a Buddhist performs can leave an imprint and their karmic potential will allow for its own effect. Positive or virtuous actions give way to future happiness, and negative, non virtuous actions will result in future suffering. This connection between actions and their effects is known as the law of karma this law is the foundations to Buddhist morality (sila). In the Buddhas teachings, Sila was spoken of vital importance as it allows for higher attainment of wisdom (panna) and concentration (Samadhi) this was mentioned in his Visuddhimagga A wise man, after establishing well in virtue, develops consciousness and understanding (http//web.ukonline.co.uk/buddhism/panadpa8.htm).The law of karma is seen as a natural law just like fleshly laws like gravity. Karma is unlike morality in other religions as it is not operated by immortal or any other supreme being because Buddhism does not require supernatural intervention. The idea that karma works without any outside intervention means that the result of karma is not a reward, nor is it a punishment because they believe that this infers dependence upon a supreme power in judgement, whereas in Buddhism there is nobody to judge us, we determine our future by the way we act and the way we think, this idea is explicit clearly in the first verse of the Dhammapada, What we are today comes from our thoughts of yesterday, and our present thoughts demonstrate our life of tomorrow our life is the creation of our mind. If a man speaks or acts with an impure mind, suffering follows him as the wheel of the cart follows the beast that draws the cart (Dominique Side, Buddhism, Oxfordshire Phillip Allan, 2005, p130). This cite is an excellent example for evidence in supporting the question being asked in this essay, as it addresses the idea that not only our actions, but also our thoughts fortify our future and that impurities of the mind cause future suffering.A Common misinterpretation of karma is that it is a law of fate however the idea of fate implies determinism, which would allow for no change or exemption, thus an idea seen in many theistic religions such as the notion that God determines life. This idea of determinism could be firstly viewed as a completely contrasting idea to that in Buddhism. Determinism is the philosophical proposition that everything is determined causally by an unbroken chain of prior events. However determinism has been uttered as the doctrine of hooklike origination in Buddhism and is an important factor in the evidence regarding my question. The doctrine of dependent origination is fundamental in connecting moral responsibility and causation, especially the ontological status of all matter. The doctrine teaches that all phenomena occur from depend ence on causes and circumstances and lack intrinsic nature.The doctrine is expressed in its simplest form in phrase idam sati ayam bhavati, which means when this exists, that arises, which logically can be expressed as, when condition A arises, condition B arises, thus its nose candy would be that when A doesnt exist, B wont. It is indicated in early sources that the Buddha became fully enlightened under the Bodhi tree when he fully realised the profound truth of Dependent Origination, thus that all matter is conditioned and arise and cease in a determinate chain of events. because in relation to moral responsibility, it could be said that nothing happens out of its own volition, so there are no forces or metaphysical realties, such as a god or soul to act as a determiner, so it could be argued that moral responsibility is ones own, yet with a chain of causation, and no self, it could also be said one cannot be responsible if one doesnt exist.A way of classifying Buddhist ethics i n Western terms is by relating it to docile determinism. Soft determinism is a midpoint between the hard determinism of philosophers such as Hobbes, Hume and John Stuart Mill, where the assertion of cause and effect is universal, therefore moral freedom is not possible and libertarians who believe that uncaused, unconditional choices can be made and that free will exists, as Immanuel Kant stated free will was essential for morality, In morals, the proper and inestimable charge of an absolutely good will consists precisely in the freedom of the principle of action (Robert A Bowie, Ethical Studies, Nelson Thornes, 2001, p59).There is an important relationship between freedom and moral responsibility it has been commonly held that we should be morally responsible for actions that we freely perform. If we can only blame or praise people for actions they freely and wittingly undertake, then it is vital that we have the freedom to act, morality depends on freedom. Immanuel Kant wrote ou ght implies can, therefore we cant blame someone for something they cannot do If people are not free, the survey of making moral decisions in denied, thus if an external influence causes human actions, people cannot be morally responsible.Hard determinists believe that we are not free and cannot be held morally responsible for our actions (Omar Khayyam R A Bowie, Ethical Studies, p91). This idea has some ethical similarity to the traditional Judeo-Christian idea of Predestination, it can be summarised as all our choices, decisions, intentions, other mental events, and all our actions are no more than effects of other equally necessitated events (Honedrich, ibid, p91). Hard determinism insists that all actions have a prior cause. However, this idea has a number of profound consequences it puts doubt in our hopes for the future and how we consider the morality of others. If we praise a person for their good action, we are mistaken as it is not their action, it has been pre-determine d. Additionally, if our actions are determined humans cannot deliberate rationally, we are, to an extent, illusive to the fact we cant decide for ourselves what we wish to do.Buddhism accepts the idea of determinism but rejects the idea of an agent and thus the idea that freedom is free will belonging to an agent. The Buddha said There is free action, there is retribution, but I see no agent that passes out from one set of momentary elements into another one, except the connection of those elements.Buddhism believes in neither absolute free will nor determinism, it preaches a middle doctrine, called pratitya-samutpada in Sanskrit, which is often translated as inter-dependent arising When this exists, that exists From the arising of this, that arises When this does not exist, that does not exist From the cessation of this, that ceases (Majjhima Nikaya, 1.262-64, D. Side, Buddhism, 2005, p97). It is part of the theory of karma. In Buddhism it is taught that the notion of complete free dom of choice is unwise, because it denies the reality of physical needs and circumstances. Similarly incorrect is the idea that we have no choice in life or that our lives are pre-determined. To deny freedom would be to undermine the efforts of Buddhists to make moral progress through our capacity to freely choose compassionate action. Pubbekatahetuvada, the belief that all happiness and suffering arise from previous actions, is considered an incorrect view according to Buddhist doctrines.Libertarianism however, rejects the idea of determinism. If we wish to retain the idea of moral responsibility and accept that a person can, when confronted with the choice between right and wrong, act as a free agent, one must accept the idea of libertarianism. Libertarians do not reject the idea of determinism completely, in general they agree that the inanimate world is mechanistic that all events are mechanically caused and therefore predictable and that all the mechanical chains of cause an d effect may extend to the animate world. They deny the principle of universal causation applying to human action and that accordingly human behaviour is predictable. Libertarians distinguish between a persons organize character or personality and his or her moral self.David Hume described liberty in his An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By liberty, then, we can only mean a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will that is, if we choose to remain at rest, we may if we choose to move, we also may (R A Bowie, Ethical Studies, 2001, p93). They believe we are not compelled to act morally by forces outside our moral consciousness. Moral actions are not chance or hit-or-miss events, but result from the values and character of the moral agent. An important argument for libertarianism is the human sense of decision making. While we have a sense of freedom, a sense of deliberating over our options, determinists maintain this is an illusion of freedo m. Libertarianism does not explain human action, yet many would argue surely action needs a cause? Libertarianism attributes our moral judgement to an objective source, unmoved by environmental or upbringing, but this is questionable.Buddhists therefore do not agree with hard determinism in that Buddhists do not believe in an external cause, like libertarians, however they do not completely agree with the libertarian notion of complete free will. To resolve the debate on relating Buddhism to either Determinism or Libertarianism and thus create a type of determinism to which Buddhist causality can relate to, A.J. Ayer advocates a type of soft determinism which accepts that everything has a cause but which defines particular actions as free volitions. An action can be a free volition provided that 1) If you had had the volition not to do the action you would not have done it and 2) Nobody compelled you to do it. for Ayer we have responsibility for our volitional actions. In order to e xplain the difference between phenomena that are caused and free volitions, some soft determinists distinguish between the internal and external causes of an action, for example between its contingent and mental causes.It can be argued that while the external causes are determined, the psychological causes may not be the Buddhist view is similar in that it states that physical objects and circumstances are always determined through causes and conditions. Physiological, physical and psychological causes are determined by mental decisions. Therefore a midway between the two contrasting theories is soft determinism and can most satisfactorily relate to Buddhist ethical principles. It would seem that we must choose between the belief in universal causation and, on the other hand, the belief in the existence of free will, it being accepted by both determinists and libertarians that these two beliefs are incompatible. The incongruity of the two however is rejected by soft determinists who say that human freedom and moral responsibility, is incomprehensible without determinism.Soft determinists state the assumption that determinism is inconsistent with free will is the result of considerable confusion about what is meant by free. It is true that freedom as incompatible with fatalism, the view that human beings are powerless to change the cause of events, but it is not conflicting with determinism. Therefore soft determinists have labelled the two ideas when the cause of action is internal, therefore out of your own volition, you acted voluntarily and of your own free will but when the cause is external, for example contrary to your wishes or desires, you acted involuntarily and under compulsion. According to the soft determinist, this distinction between internal and external causes explains why freedom and moral responsibility is not only compatible with determinism but actually requires it.Determinism is correct here in that for these actions to be uncaused would m ean they would be completely unpredictable, impulsive and therefore irresponsible. Therefore when it is said a person acted freely it is not meant as his or her action was uncaused but rather they were not compelled to do it, that they were under no kind of external pressure, they themselves chose to act this way.We can relate the soft determinist notion of labelling the distinction between action and cause to Buddhist morality in actual situations a Buddhists conduct is decided by the state of their body/mind in the moment of acting, not by the Precepts alone. They try honestly to follow the Precepts, but if they break one of the Precepts, Buddhism urges them to recover and regain the balanced state and act right in the present, rather than to forfeit for past bad conduct, which has passed and can never be changed as it does not exist anymore. Buddhism says that whether or not one can act morally or right in this moment does not depend on the concept or belief of what it right and what is wrong, but on the state of our body and mind at this present moment.The enlightenment (Bodhi) of the Buddha was both his liberation from suffering (dukka) and his insight into the nature of the universe the Buddha was thus awakened to the truth of dependent origination. This is the idea that any phenomena only exists because of the existence of other phenomena in a complex web (Indras net) of cause and effect covering past, present and future.Everything is dependent on everything else A human beings existence is dependent on the condition of everything else in the world (and universe) at that moment in time but equally the condition of everything in the world in that moment is dependent in an equally significant way on the character and condition of that human being. Indras Net is used in Buddhism as a metaphor for illustrating the concepts of dresser of interconnectedness of all things. Everything in the universe is interconnected through this web of cause and effect thus all are mutually beneficial. Therefore because all these things are transient (annicca) and conditioned it can be held that they do not exist, thus if they do not exist, can they be held morally responsible for their actions?The Heart Sutra disagrees with the idea of dependent origination and says that there is no such law as karma or cause and effect. This still however relates to the idea of emptiness (sunyata) as state by Nagarjuna that dependent origination and emptiness are two sides of the same coin. For Nagarjuna, emptiness should not be interpreted ontologically, but rather in the way of the parable of the raft The Buddhist teaching (especially shunyata), is like the raft one constructs for the crossing of a river. Once the river is crossed, the purpose of the raft has been served. Therefore the raft is not needed anymore.The same is true of emptiness it should not be held on to one who does hold on to it will have trouble functioning in life. Nagarjuna wrote extensively, and his teachings resulted in the formation of an Indian school called Madhyamika or the Middle Way School. Sunyata refers to the fact that no thing, including human existence, has ultimate substantiality, which in turn means that no thing is permanent and no thing is totally independent of everything else. In other words, everything in this world is interconnected and in constant flux. An appreciation of this idea of emptiness thus saves us from the suffering caused by our egos, our attachments, and our resistance to change and loss.Therefore all phenomena are dependent originations, which means that they dont exist, thus if they dont exist, they are blank which would thus mean that ethics itself is empty, thus it would be impossible to ever act ethically as there would not be such notion in existence. If everything is dependent causally, then it would seem impossible to act ethically however a Buddhist would argue that the whole universe isnt dependent causally, there is only on e determining factor, Karma. Thus one of the possible arguments against karmic determinism is that karma is only one influencing factor and the universe has a random aspect to it, which could account for a degree of freedom.Buddhist teachings explain how misleading states of mind keep you trapped in a recurring pattern of dissatisfaction by teaching about interdependent origination, the idea that things happen for a reason. Dependent Origination suggests that every event has a cause. For a Buddhist, life experiences, both good and bad, arent random, meaningless events, however, nor are they rewards, or punishments, as rewards and punishments require a controlling outside force sat in judgment such as a god, as there is no god in Buddhism blaming God or fate doesnt work, experiences come from a result of a series of causes and effects that begin in a buddhists mind. In teachings known as the Twelve links of dependent arising, Buddha described the mechanism that drives you from realm to realm within a cyclic existence and keeps you trapped in suffering and dissatisfaction in these links Buddhas purpose for teaching these links, beginning with ignorance and ending with a corpse, was to make us aware of the way our ignorantly motivated actions inevitably lead to recurring suffering, this suffering motivates a Buddhist to seek a way out, thus nirvana.The Buddha taught that the way to achieve this freedom is by engaging in what he called the Three Trainings which form the foundations to which the entire structure of Buddhist practice rests. These three trainings were Moral Discipline, the strength Concentration, the sharp aim And Wisdom, the tool. If a Buddhist practices the three trainings in combination with one another, the Buddha stated that cyclic existence would end and one would feel the inexpressible peace of liberation. With moral self-discipline as a base, concentration allowing for inherent focus, wisdom can break through ignorance and help you free your self from the cycle of recurring misery. In relation to the asking if today is a result of yesterday, it would suggest it is, however a Buddhist can change tomorrows outcome by having moral self discipline, concentration and wisdom.If a Buddhist wants justification from suffering and from the danger of lower rebirth, they must try and not commit any more negative karma, however, this is also a problem in Buddhism as karma is generally negative, thus how can one create any more negativity if all karma is negative, thus everything really is Dukkha, therefore, in conclusion, it is apt to say that today is the result of yesterdays actions. However, a Buddhist can purify negative karma that has already been committed. There are ten principle non-virtuous actions that should be avoided Three actions of the body, four of speech, and three of the mind. The three non virtuous bodily actions are killing, stealing and sexual misconduct the four non virtuous verbal actions are lying, divisive speech, hurtful speech and dead chatter and the three non virtuous mental actions are covetousness, malice and holding wrong views.The best way for a buddhist to avoid negative actions is to practice consideration for others. All kind of non virtuous actions have three kinds of effects, the ripened effect, the effect similar to the cause and the environmental effect. The ripened effect of a negative effect is a rebirth in one of the three lower realms. A Buddhists previous actions will always have a definite outcome on tomorrow, however there are issues such as causality and free will which when taken into consideration make it hard to substantiate whether a Buddhist can be praised or blamed for such actions.The idea of Sunyata means that if everything in existence is empty, morality itself is empty which would mean acting ethically would be impossible, therefore actions are empty so the law of Karma is flawed, this is a contradiction in Buddhist philosophy as it would mean that th ere can be no actions of yesterday impacting upon the present, therefore I could reach a conclusion disagreeing with the statement Today is a result of yesterday, tomorrow is a result of today as it is impossible to be a result if there are no actions in existence allowing for a future However, with many ideas in Buddhist philosophy contradicting each other it is hard to conclude on this question as there are too many conflictions between Karma being the universal law of cause and effect and dependent origination, as well as the idea that it is too simplistic a notion for today to be a result of yesterday as there are complicated ideas related to Buddhist ethics.BibliographyDamien Keown, Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism Oxford University Press, 2003.Dominique Side, Buddhism, Oxfordshire Phillip Allan, 2005.Geshe Kelshang Gyato, Introduction to Buddhism Cumbria Thorpe Publications, 1992.Michael Palmer, Moral Problems The Lutterworth Press, 1991.Robert A Bowie, Ethical Studies Nelson Tho rnes, 2001.Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught London Gordon Fraser, 1926.www.buddhanet.co.ukwww.wikipedia.orgwww.nibbana.com